[ المناقشات ] : English clubالمحاضره الحاديه عشر للمنظومه النحويه

[أم البواسل]

Coordination

التنسيق أو المنسقات

In the previous lecture, we discussed the five basic types of clause structure.
في المحاضرة السابقة، ناقشنا أنواع أساسية خمسة من شرط بنء العباره طبعا يقصد فيها المحاضره العاشره وهي محذوفه فماشرحتها
Each part of the structure of a clause can be duplicated (doubled) or added to by Coordination. For example, the subject is duplicated in the following sentence:

كل جزء من عباره أو جمله شرط يمكن أن تتكرر (الضعف) أو عن طريق إضافتها إلى التنسيق. على سبيل المثال، يتم تكرار هذا الفاعل في الجملة التالية:
Mohammed and I are good friends
The two parts of the subject in the previous sentence are joined by the conjunction “and”.
في الجمله السابقة يوجد فاعلين ربطا بأداة الربط and
الفاعل الاول Mohammed والفاعل الثاني I
Conjunctions are words like “and,” “or,” and “but” which we use to connect grammatical units/elements in a sentence.
نستخدم حروف العطف هي كلمات مثل "و"، "أو"، و "لكن" التي نستخدمها لربط الوحدات النحوية / عناصر في الجملة.
• If we combine more than two parts, we usually separate the parts by commas, using the conjunction to join the last two parts only.

إذا أردنا أن نربط أكثر من جزأين فنستخدم (الفاصلة) لفصل الأجزاء عن بعض
e.g. Mohammed, Ahmed and I are good friends.
أنواع العطف Types of conjunctions
1-حروف العطف المنسقه 1. Coordinating Conjunctions (coordinators
These are single-word conjunction, including: “and,” “but” and “or.”
حروف العطف المفرده مثل and,” “but” and “or
e.g. I want Ahmed and Saleh to come see me.
e.g. I want Ahmed or Saleh to come see me.
e.g. I want Ahmed but not Saleh to come see me.
2. Correlative Coordinating Conjunctions
حروف العطف المنسقه المتلازمه
These are pairs of words, including: “both… and…,” “either… or…,” neither… nor…,” “not only… but also…”
هذه هي أزواج من الكلمات

e.g. I want both Ahmed and Saleh to come see me.
e.g. I want either Ahmed or Saleh to come see me.
e.g.I want neither Ahmed nor Saleh to come see me.
e.g. I want not only Ahmed but also Saleh to come see me.


3. Subordinating Conjunctions (subordinators)
حروف العطف الملحقه
4. Correlative Subordinating Conjunctions

حروف العطف الملحقه المتلازمه

We will talk more about the last two types when we discuss Subordination in Lectures 12 and 13.

Coordination

We can compound/coordinate any level of constituents (grammatical units) - words, phrases and clauses.
• Coordination of Words


Coordination can link two or more words of the same word class as in the following examples:
• تنسيق كلمات
التنسيق يمكن ربط كلمتين أو أكثر من نفس الكلمة الدرجة كما في الأمثلة التالية:
Nouns:اسم
e.g. Football and basketball are my favorite sports.
Adjectives:صفه
e.g. My friend Khaled is funny and intelligent.
Adverbs: ظرف او حال
e.g. We must finish our work both quickly and efficiently.

• Coordination of Phrases

Two or more phrases of the same type can also be linked together through coordination as in the following examples:
• تنسيق جمل
ويمكن أيضا أن اثنين أو أكثر من العبارات من نفس النوع تكون مرتبطة معا من خلال التنسيق كما في الأمثلة التالية:
Noun Phrases
عباره أسميه
e.g. The old man and the young boy crossed the street.

Verb Phrases
عباره فعليه :

e.g. Many of the grammatical terms must be studied and will come in the exam.
Adjective phrases:عباره وصفيه
e.g. The topics are very interesting and really useful.
Adverbials:عباره ظرفيه
e.g. You can wash your clothes by hand or in the washing machine.


Compound Sentences
• Coordination of Clauses

A compound sentence has two or more clauses which are linked by a coordinator.
• All of the clauses in compound sentences are coordinate. In other words, they are of equal rank. None of them are dependent on (part of) another clause. They are all independent clauses.
A الجملةالمركبه مجمع لديه اثنين أو أكثر من الشروط التي ترتبط بها منسق.
• كل من البنود في الجمل المركبة هي تنسيق. وبعبارة أخرى، فهي من مرتبة متساوية. أيا منها لا تعتمد على (جزء من) شرط آخر. انهم جميعا بنود مستقلة.
وفيما يلي أمثلة على الأحكام المجمع:
The following are examples of compound sentences:
e.g. 1. Everyone was in the room and the doors had been closed.
e.g. 2. Everyone was in the room, the doors had been closed and latecomers had to wait outside.
e.g. 3. Some students didn’t do the homework and the teacher knew, but he didn’t say anything.
e.g. 4. Either he didn’t bring the book, or someone took it from him.
e.g. 5. I’m selling my car and (I’m) buying a new one.
e.g. 6. Mohammed is going on a trip for a few days, but (he) will be back before Saturday.
e.g. 7. He may have received the letter but (he may have) forgotten to reply.

As seen in examples 5, 6 and 7, when the subjects of the two clauses refer to the same person or thing, the second subject can be deleted. We can also delete the second verbal group if it is the
*إذا تكرر الفاعل و الفعل في الفقرات فمن الممكن أن نحذفهم من الفقرة الثانية إذا كانا يعودان على نفس الشخص و الفعل و المعنى لكلا الجملتين.