مناقشـــة, مراجعـــة, اسألة..لــ علم اللغة النفســي Psycholinguistics

[هاجس الليل]

المحاضرة 2
مناهج البحث اللغوية النفسية
words 2
a السؤال الأساسي


كيف هي "عبارة" نظمت في العقل؟


مقارنة
وعادة استشارة a القاموس سطح المكتب عندما كنا:
ما يعني كلمة
كيف هو مكتوبة كلمة
كيف تنطق كلمة

وعادة ما يتم تنظيم الكلمات أبجديا!


ويتم تنظيم قاموسنا العقلية مختلفة قليلا ما يلي:

يمكن أن تستوعب كلمات جديدة
ويمكن الوصول إليها بشكل سريع جدا


مثال واحد كيف يمكننا الوصول السريع قاموسنا العقلية هو ما يشار اليه عادة باسم:

"تلميح من بين الظواهر، اللسان"
بلاغ من بين الظواهر اللسان
هذا هو الوضع حيث كنت غير قادر على الوصول إلى كلمة (أو تذكر كلمة) في المعجم العقلية الخاصة بك وجميع كنت في حاجة كان:
معنى كلمة
صوت الكلمة
الحرف الأول
أو ما القوافي مع كلمة
مصطلح فني
في هذه باينت علينا أن نكف عن دعوتهم الكلمات. المصطلح التقني للعناصر الموجودة في المعجم هو الإدخالات. لذلك ينبغي علينا إعادة صياغة سؤال طرحناه في بداية هذه المحاضرة ونسأل:

كيف هي إدخالات نظمت في العقل؟


ما يمكن أن المعجم العقلي تبدو. (صورة 1)
المزيد من الأسئلة
كيف يتم ربط إدخالات معا؟
كيفية الوصول إلى إدخالات؟
ويرد ما في إدخال المعلومات؟
مشكلة كبيرة
لا يمكن أن يلاحظ المعجم العقلي!





(صورة 2)
فكيف لنا أن نعرف؟
من خلال التجارب الإبداعية مثل:

المعجمية القرار وفتيلة

المحاضرة 3
المعجمية القرار
و
فتيلة

المعجمية القرار
وأجريت تجربة المعجمية قرار بطرح اللغة الأصلية للجلوس أمام شاشة الكمبيوتر حيث هو / هي طلب منها أن الحكم في أسرع وقت ممكن إذا كانت الكلمة التي تظهر على الشاشة هي كلمة حقيقية. إذا كانت الكلمة الحقيقي ينقر مشارك ب "نعم"، وإذا لم يكن كذلك، المشارك النقرات "لا".

ما الذي نبحث عنه؟
عادة ما تبحث عنه في هذه المهمة هو:
استتار/ اختباء رد: وهذا هو الوقت الذي يستغرقه للمشارك للرد ب "نعم / لا".
دقة رد: وهذا هو ما إذا كان أو لم يكن مشاركا ردت بدقة.
تفاصيل
عند تصميم هذه المهمة عادة يتم اختبار المشاركين على مجموعة واحدة من المحفزات ضد مجموعة أخرى من المحفزات. على سبيل المثال:
"الأسماء" مقارنة ب "أفعال". "كلمات ملموسة" مقارنة "كلمات مجردة"
هذا الاختبار يقيس السرعة والدقة التي يتم الوصول إلى المعجم العقلي.
النتائج مثيرة للاهتمام
فقد وجد أنه عادة ما يستغرق حوالي نصف المشاركين في الثانية للضغط على "نعم" لأنهم يعرفون كلمة أو الكلمات المستخدمة بشكل متكرر. ومع ذلك، فإنه يأخذ ثلاثة أرباع من الثانية إلى اضغط على "نعم" على الكلمات أقل شيوعا. هذا هو المعروف باسم تأثير التردد.
ما يمكننا أن نستنتج من ذلك هو أن يتم تنظيم المعاجم ربما لدينا العقلية بطريقة الكلمات التي نستخدمها في كثير من الأحيان أكثر سهولة في الوصول إليها.
فتيلة
ويمكن اعتبار فتيلة كامتداد لمهمة المقرر المعجمية. ومع ذلك، في هذه المهمة قبل طلب المشارك لاختيار "نعم" أو "لا" ويسبق الكلمة الهدف التحفيز من جانب آخر (يسمى رئيس). ما هو قياس مدى يؤثر قرار رئيس المشارك المعجمية على المحفزات الهدف.
عندما يسبق الهدف بكلمة ذات الصلة الاستجابة عادة ما يكون أسرع.</span>

[هاجس الليل]

محاضرة 4
الجملة معالجة
هناك فرق بين التحقيق في المعجم العقلي والتحقيق تجهيز الجملة.
ومن المفهوم A الجملة (إما في حالة القراءة أو الاستماع) من خلال معاني الكلمات، وتحليل الهياكل النحوية.
هذه القدرة غير واعية كما في التحليل.
تحليل
وتركز الكثير من العمل في علم اللغة النفسي بشأن معالجة الجملة في:
كيف يحدث تحليل
ما هي الخطوات التي تحدث في تحليل
تحليل سرعة
عند تحليل الظروف لا يعمل
توقيت قراءة التجارب
بين التجارب توقيت قراءة الأكثر شيوعا هو الاختبار بار الملحة.
في هذا الاختبار يطلب من المشاركين أن يجلس أمام شاشة الكمبيوتر وقراءة جملة كلمة واحدة في كل مرة. يضغط مشارك بار على لوحة المفاتيح لقراءة الكلمة التالية حتى انه / انها تصل إلى نهاية الجملة.
ماذا يمكننا أن نتعلم من هذه التجربة
يمكننا أن نتعلم عن مقدار الوقت اللازم لتجهيز بعض الكلمات (الكلمات المحتوى / الكلمات الدالة)
كيف المشاركين قفة طويلة في نهاية جملة الحدود
تظهر النتائج عادة أنماط الوقت للاهتمام.
حركة العين
تتبع حركة العين أثناء القراءة على الكلمات كشفت أن العين وقت التثبيت هو عادة وقتا أطول للكلمات أقل تواترا وأن نقاط التثبيت هي الكلمات محتوى عادة بدلا من الكلمات الدالة.
وقد أظهرت الأبحاث أن أكثر صعوبة الحكم في هيكل saccades أكثر رجعية هناك بالإضافة إلى أوقات أطول التثبيت.
ما يحدث في مختبر</SPAN>

محاضرة 5
الجملة معالجة
حدث ذات صلة الإمكانيات (نظم تخطيط موارد المؤسسات)

تجارب ERP قياس النشاط الكهربائي في الدماغ. وهذا هو الجهد التقلبات الناجمة عن النشاط الكهربائي في الدماغ.
(وتسمى تلك الأشياء التي puton رأس الشخص "electrods")
ما يحدث في المختبر؟
المشارك يجلس أمام شاشة الكمبيوتر.
المشاركون يقرأ الكلمات أو الجمل.
الكمبيوتر يسجل لحظة التي يتم تقديم التحفيز.
ثم يقارن جهاز الكمبيوتر تذبذب التيار الكهربائي إلى النشاط على الذهاب في الدماغ.

[السالفة مليون]

اسئلة في المحاضرات الــ 3 الاولى:

1-“Research in this field therefore requires that mental language-processing events be inferred from observable behavior”
A- O'Grady
B- Levelt
C-All the answers

2-One example of “observable behavior” is what some people call............................OR................ ..... 1
A-slips of the tongue or speech errors
B-measures the speed and accuracy
C-All the answers

3-One example of “........................” is what some people call slips of the tongue or speech errors
A-observable behavior
B-How a word is spelled
C-All the answers

4-A desktop dictionary is usually consulted when we:
A-What a word means
B-How a word is spelled
C-How a word is pronounced
D- All the answers

5-And the words are usually organized .................! 1
A-verbally
B-alphabetically
C-literatim

6- Our Mental Lexicon is .............1
A- organized a little bit different
B-organized a more bit different
C-All the answers

7- Our Mental Lexicon is organized a little bit different it:
A- It can accommodate new words
B- It can be accessed very quickly
C- All the answers

8- How quick we can access our mental lexicon is what is commonly referred as the:
A-“Tip-of-the-tongue phenomena”
B-“Tip-of-the-tongue phoneme”
C-All the answers

9- This is the situation where you are unable to access a word (or remember a word)in your mental lexicon and all you needed

A-slips of the tongue or speech errors
B-Tip-of-the-tongue phenomena
C-All the answers

10- This is the situation where you are unable to access a word (or remember a word)in your mental lexicon and all you needed was the:
A- meaning of the word
B- the sound of the word
C- the first letter
D- or what the word rhymes with
E- All the answers

11- A technical term, we should stop calling them
A-words
B-entries
C-All the answers

12- The technical term for the items in the lexicon is.............1
A-words
B-entries
C-All the answers

13- Big problem IS
A-The mental lexicon cannot be observed !
B-The mental lexicon can be observed !
C-All the answers

14- How can we know"The mental lexicon cannot be observed"?
A- Through creative experiments
B-Through normal experiments
C-All the answers

15- Through creative experiments such as:
A-priming
B-Lexical decision
C-Lexical decision and priming

16- Lexical Decision,What are we looking for?
A-Response latency
B-Response accuracy
C-Response latency AND Response accuracy

17- Response latency IS
A- and that is whether or not the participant responded accurately
B-and that is the time it takes for the a participant to respond “yes/no”
C- All the answers

18- Response accuracy IS
A- and that is whether or not the participant responded accurately
B-and that is the time it takes for the a participant to respond “yes/no”
C- All the answers

19- When designing this task the participants are usually tested on one set of stimuli against another set of stimuli. For example:
“Nouns” compared to “Verbs”. “concrete words” compared to “abstract words”
This test......................................... in which the mental lexicon is accessed.
A- measures the speed and accuracy
B- measures the speed
C- measures accuracy

20- It has been found that it usually takes participants about a half a second to press “yes” for word they know or frequently used words. However, it takes three-quarters of a second to press “yes” for less common words. This is commonly known as........................1
A-measures the speed
B-the frequency effect.
C-All the answers

21- What we can infer from this is that our mental lexicons are probably organized in a way that words we use often are more .............................1
A- easy to access.
B- diffcult to access.
C- All the answers

22- Priming can be considered as an extension of lexical decision task. However, in this task before the participant is asked to choose “yes” or “no” the target word is preceded by another stimulus called
A-the prime
B-Lexical decision
C-the target stimuli.

23- What is measured is the extent the prime influences the participant’s lexical decision on.......................1
A-the target stimuli.
B-the prime
C-All the answers

اي ملاحظه ع الاسئلة اكتبوها بارك الله فيكم

[AL-HARBI ' e ']

المشاركة الأصلية كتبت بواسطة السالفة مليون

اسئلة في المحاضرات الــ 3 الاولى:

1-“research in this field therefore requires that mental language-processing events be inferred from observable behavior”
a- o'grady
b- levelt
c-all the answers

2-one example of “observable behavior” is what some people call............................or................ ..... 1
a-slips of the tongue or speech errors
b-measures the speed and accuracy
c-all the answers

3-one example of “........................” is what some people call slips of the tongue or speech errors
a-observable behavior
b-how a word is spelled
c-all the answers

4-a desktop dictionary is usually consulted when we:
a-what a word means
b-how a word is spelled
c-how a word is pronounced
d- all the answers

5-and the words are usually organized .................! 1
a-verbally
b-alphabetically
c-literatim

6- our mental lexicon is .............1
a- organized a little bit different
b-organized a more bit different
c-all the answers

7- our mental lexicon is organized a little bit different it:
a- it can accommodate new words
b- it can be accessed very quickly
c- all the answers

8- how quick we can access our mental lexicon is what is commonly referred as the:
a-“tip-of-the-tongue phenomena”
b-“tip-of-the-tongue phoneme”
c-all the answers

9- this is the situation where you are unable to access a word (or remember a word)in your mental lexicon and all you needed

a-slips of the tongue or speech errors
b-tip-of-the-tongue phenomena
c-all the answers

10- this is the situation where you are unable to access a word (or remember a word)in your mental lexicon and all you needed was the:
a- meaning of the word
b- the sound of the word
c- the first letter
d- or what the word rhymes with
e- all the answers

11- a technical term, we should stop calling them
a-words
b-entries
c-all the answers

12- the technical term for the items in the lexicon is.............1
a-words
b-entries
c-all the answers

13- big problem is
a-the mental lexicon cannot be observed !
b-the mental lexicon can be observed !
c-all the answers

14- how can we know"the mental lexicon cannot be observed"?
a- through creative experiments
b-through normal experiments
c-all the answers

15- through creative experiments such as:
a-priming
b-lexical decision
c-lexical decision and priming

16- lexical decision,what are we looking for?
a-response latency
b-response accuracy
c-response latency and response accuracy

17- response latency is
a- and that is whether or not the participant responded accurately
b-and that is the time it takes for the a participant to respond “yes/no”
c- all the answers

18- response accuracy is
a- and that is whether or not the participant responded accurately
b-and that is the time it takes for the a participant to respond “yes/no”
c- all the answers

19- when designing this task the participants are usually tested on one set of stimuli against another set of stimuli. For example:
“nouns” compared to “verbs”. “concrete words” compared to “abstract words”
this test......................................... In which the mental lexicon is accessed.
a- measures the speed and accuracy
b- measures the speed
c- measures accuracy

20- it has been found that it usually takes participants about a half a second to press “yes” for word they know or frequently used words. However, it takes three-quarters of a second to press “yes” for less common words. This is commonly known as........................1
a-measures the speed
b-the frequency effect.
c-all the answers

21- what we can infer from this is that our mental lexicons are probably organized in a way that words we use often are more .............................1
a- easy to access.
b- diffcult to access.
c- all the answers

22- priming can be considered as an extension of lexical decision task. However, in this task before the participant is asked to choose “yes” or “no” the target word is preceded by another stimulus called
a-the prime
b-lexical decision
c-the target stimuli.

23- what is measured is the extent the prime influences the participant’s lexical decision on.......................1
a-the target stimuli.
b-the prime
c-all the answers

اي ملاحظه ع الاسئلة اكتبوها بارك الله فيكم

الله يعطيك العافيه الصراحه أسئله شامله

[lee jun ki]

يعطيك العافيةة يآسلووفة

[Mr.Literature]

الله يجزاك خير

[هاجس الليل]

الله يجعلها في ميزان حسناتك

[السالفة مليون]

أسئلة في المحاضرات الــ 4,5,6,7

1- A sentence is understood(either in the case of reading or listening) through the meaning of its words and analysis of its syntactic structures.
This unconscious ability as ............... 1
A-parsing
B-entries
C-All the answers

2-Much of the work in psycholinguistics regarding sentence processing is focused on:
A-How parsing happens
B-What are the steps that take place in parsing
C-Parsing speed
D-The conditions when parsing doesn’t work
E-All the answers

3-Among the most common timed-reading experiments is
A-the bar-pressing test.
B-Parsing speed
C-All the answers

4-Research has shown that the more difficult the sentence is in structure the more ........................ there are in addition to longer fixation times.
A-regressive saccades
B-the bar-pressing test.
C-All the answers


5-Research has shown that the more difficult the sentence is in structure the more regressive saccades there are in addition to longer .................... 1
A-parsing
B-fixation times
C-All the answers

6- ERP experiments measure .................................1
A- electrical activity in the brain
B-electrical activity
C-All the answers

7- voltage fluctuations resulting from .................................1
A-the brain’s electrical activity
B- electrical activity
C- All the answers

8-Those things they puton a person’s head are called...............1
A-electrodes
B-parsing
C-All the answers

9- What happens in the lab?1
A-The participant sits in front a computer screen.
B-The participants reads words or sentences.
C-The computer records the instant at which a stimulus is presented.
D-Then the computer compares the voltage fluctuation to on going activity in the brain.
E-All the answers

10- Is used to isolate phonemes and word boundaries and relate these items in the mental lexicon
A-a phonetic analysis
B-parsing
C-All the answers

11-“the dog bit the cat”
You also used the information you know about cats and dogs and what to expect from one another. This process is called:
A-“top-down processing”
B-“bottom-up processing”
C-All the answers

12-“The dog bit the cat”
You will probably hear the segment /ð/
Then the segment /ə/
Then at enormous speed you’re able to access the representation of the word the in your mental lexicon.
By that time you have realized that the next word is going to be a noun.
Then the segment d-o-g are analyzed
After that you hear the segments /bi/ and you biased to the possibility that this word is going to be bit because of the association with dog.This is what is called:
A-“bottom-up processing”
B-“top-down processing
C-All the answers

13-Psycholinguists consider such speech errors as evidence that language production makes use of the individual feature components of phonemes and that the phonemes that we produce in speech may actually be put together out of bundles of such features ............. 1
A-O’Grady et al (2010)1
B-Levelt
C-All the answers

14-Marslen-Wilson in the 1980s proposed the ....................... of lexical access
A-“cohort model”
B-“bottom-up processing”
C-All the answers

15-This model states that a word’s ...........consists of all the lexical items that share an initial sequence of phonemes.
A-cohort
B-cohort model
C-All the answers

16-The phoneme is ........................ 1
A-the fundamental unit of auditory word recognition
B-used to isolate phonemes and word boundaries and relate these items in the mental lexicon
C-All the answers

17-Language is Species Specific ,What that means is
A- language is likely to be part of the genetic makeup of members of the species
B-the fundamental unit of auditory word recognition
C- All the answers

18- Universal Grammar, What we mean by that is
A-languages of the world are similar because all humans have the same language capacities.
B- language is likely to be part of the genetic makeup of members of the species
C- All the answers

19-Is there an age restriction on acquiring a first language?
A-There is a very strong view that there is an age restriction
B- NO
C- All the answers

20-Is the study of the representation of the language in the brain
A-Neurolinguistics
B-Aphasia
C- All the answers

21-Is a language impairment linked to brain injury
A-Aphasia
B-Neurolinguistics
C- All the answers

22-Is also known as non-fluent aphasia
A- Broca's aphasia
B-Wernicke's aphasia
C- All the answers

23- Is also known as fluent aphasia
A-Broca's aphasia
B-Wernicke's aphasia
C- All the answers

24-Is characterized by halting, effortful speech; it is associated with damage involving Broca’s area in the frontal lobe of the left hemisphere.
A-Wernicke's aphasia
B-Broca's aphasia
C- All the answers

25- Is characterized by fluent meaningless strings; it is caused by damage involving Wernicke’s area in the temporal lobe of the left hemisphere.
A-Broca's aphasia
B-Wernicke's aphasia
C- All the answers

[هاجس الليل]

ماشاء الله عليك

[السالفة مليون]

أسئلة المحاضرات الــ 8,9,10,11

1- language function is located in one of the two hemispheres
A-parsing
B-language is lateralized
C-All the answers


2-most people have it in the.............1
A-left
B-right
C- both hemispheres.
D-All the answers

3-Language is
A-lateralized
B-parsing
C-All the answers

4-Control of the body is
A-contralateral
B-the bar-pressing test.
C-All the answers

5- the left hemisphere controls the right side of the body and the right hemisphere controls the left side of the body.
A-lateralized
B-Control of the body is contralateral
C-All the answers

6- In this experiment the participant is given two different inputs to each ear at the same time
A- electrical activity in the brain
B- The dichotic listening experiment
C-All the answers

7- Usually the participant reports what he/she heard in the right ear,This is called
A-the right-ear advantage for language
B- the left-ear advantage for language
C- All the answers

8-The production of a sentence begins with the speaker’s intention to communicate an idea or some item of information. This has been referred to by Levelt (1989) as
A-electrodes
B- a preverbal message
C-All the answers

9- What if the speaker speaks two languages?
A- a bilingual is speaking in a unilingual mode (only one language), only one of the grammars
B-a unilingual mode
C-All the answers

10- One type of alternation between languages in bilingual speech is ...................1
A-Code-switching
B-lateralized
C-All the answers

11- Code-switching is switching between..................1
A- two codes
B- three codes
C-All the answers

12-is not to be confused with barrowing
A-Code-switching
B-passing
C-All the answers

13-When a word from one language is incorporated into the lexicon of another language, The phenomenon is called
A-borrowing
B-Code-switching
C-All the answers

14-The lexicon is
A-a dictionary of all the words a speaker knows
B-language function is located in one of the two hemispheres
C-All the answers

15- A word can be retrieved using two different kinds of information
A-meaning or sound
B-meaning or sentence
C-All the answers

16-A phenomenon in lexical retrieval that has fascinated psycholinguists for decades is
A-the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
B-Code-switching
C-All the answers

17-Usually........................ produces an appropriate set of words required for the speaker’s sentence.
A- lexical retrieval
B-Code-switching
C- All the answers

18- Levelt (1989) refers to the creation of sentence structure during sentence planning as ...........................1
A-grammatical encoding
B- lexical retrieval
C- All the answers

19- Said: "I left my car in my briefcase".
Intended: "I left my briefcase in my car".
These examples illustrate a common type of error.
A-exchange errors
B- Aphasia
C- All the answers

20-Word exchange errors never occur between..............and..................1
A-content words and function words
B-measures the speed and accuracy
C- All the answers

21- a. The bridge closes at seven.
b. The bridges close at seven.
Example of ....................1
A-Creating agreement relations
B-Plural attraction
C- All the answers

22-a plural feature intervenes between a singular subject and its verb error can occur
A- Plural attraction
B-Creating agreement relations
C- All the answers

23- a. The time for fun and games are over.
b. The illiteracy level of our children are appalling.
Example of ....................1
A- Plural attraction
B-Creating agreement relations
C- All the answers

24- A. Said: "I can't cook worth a cam".
B. Intended: "I can't cook worth a damn".
Sentence A above is an example of.....................1
A- a preservation error.
B-an anticipation error
C- All the answers

25- A. Said: "taddle tennis".
B. Intended: "paddle tennis".
Sentence A above is an example of.....................1
A-an anticipation error
B-a preservation error.
C- All the answers

26- A. Said: "hass or grash".
B. Intended: "hash or grass".
Sentence A above is an example of........................1
A-a segment exchange error
B-a preservation error
C-All the answers