مناقشـــة, مراجعـــة, اسألة..لــ علم اللغة النفســي Psycholinguistics

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communication behavior has 2 kinds


1-n behavior that arise even if the individual has never heard or seen adults perform the behavior


2- other communications behavior like language for human and songs for birds can be acquired only if the young individual or animal has the opportunity to experience the system in use

السلوك نوعين
الاول فطري حتى لو الفرد ماشاف ولا سمع فرد بالغ تصرف نفس السلوك
والتاني الاكتساب متل للغة للانسان والغناء للطيور مستحيل يقدر الافراد يتصرفو او يطبقوها الا ادا سنحت لهم فرصة لرؤية افرد بالغين يقدموها

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language universals are product of human neurology

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what is the fundamental goal of linguistic?




to describe UNIVERSALS GRAMMAR which
consist of
1- all the absolute universal of human language
2- description of their parameters of variation

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universal grammar



1- it is a recipe for human language that every person is born with



2- all languages have a phonology morphology syntax and lexicon


3- all languages possess rules and principles that allow speakers to combine meaningless phonetics

4- all languages have a recursive syntax

5- all languages have a lexicon which store information about words

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no human language could exist only in simple sentences
to prove that
Danial everett about PIRAHA


WHAT PIRAHA IS ?
it is the spoken language of hunters- gatherers in northwestern brazil

lمافي اي لغة ممكن توجد من مجرد جمل بسيطة
لاثبات هالكلام
قام دانيال ايفيرت
بدراسة عن لغة البيراها الي هي اللغة المتكلم فيها من الصيادين وجامعين الثمار في الشمال الغربي للبرازيل

[white tulip]

his claim was



1-some point our hominid ancestors had a language that consisted only
of simple sentences, but that would be speculation, because researchers
do not know what the language of protohumans was like

النقطة الولى توقع لو ان الاجداد والاسلاف كانت لغتهن متمونة من لجمل بسيطة بس هدا كان مجرد تخمين لان الباحثين ما كانو يعرفة شو اللغة الي كان يستخدمها النا البدائين

2- the lack of fossil evidence about protohuman language is hard but not
impossible to overcome, given advances in our understanding of the
neural and genetic mechanisms for language
الشي يالتاني ضعف الادلة الحفرية عن لغة الانسان لبدائي لفهم الاليات العصبية والجينية للغة


3-What is certain
is that no language spoken by Homo sapiens – modern humans –
could be so restricted as to not contain recursion.
وبعدين ناقش ايش ممكن تكون اللغة الي استخدموها الناس المتطورين هل كانت مقيدة او كانت مكررة للغة البدائية


so

A corollary of this is
that there is no such thing as a primitive human language. The languages
spoken in communities of modern-day hunter-gatherers are as
rich and complex as the languages of the most industrially and technologically
advanced communities, and they all possess human linguistic
universals.

ادن النتيجة الطبيعية لهالكلام ان ان مافي شي اسمو لغة بدائية وان اللغة المحكية من الصيادين هي نفس الفغة المحكية من المحتمعات الصناعية وان هاللغة بنفس الغنى وبنفس التعقيد وان وانا كلها تتكيف من اللفويات الانسانية

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who is the POLYGLOT SAVANT ? الانسان متعدد اللغات الموهوب


a person who have an extraordinary talent for acquiring languages



for example
The researchers found that while Christopher learned
Berber easily, he found it difficult to learn certain types of rules in Epun .

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pidigins is a communication syetem consisting elements from more than one language
هو نظام اتصال يحتوي على عناصر من اكتر من لغة

A pidgin emerges in situations
of language contact, when people who speak different languages come
up with ways to communicate with each other.


ظهرت بين الناس الي يتحدثو اكتر من لغة حيث وجدو طريقة ليتواصلو مع يعض

Pidgins have simplified
structure and a lexicon consisting of words from the various languages
of their speakers.


هدي الطريقة بسطت القواعد والقاموس وتكونت من كلمات من عدة لغات من التي يتحدث بها المتكلمون


pidgin has no native speakers

هدي الطريقة مالها متحدثون اصلييون

When the pidgin becomes nativized – that is, when
children begin to acquire it as their native language – the grammar stabilizes
and becomes more complex, the lexicon grows, and the language
is on its way to becoming a creole.
■فقط مع الاطفال لي يكتسبو هدي الطريقة كلغة ممكن نقول عنهم متحدثين اصلين
مع الوقت تتكون القواعد والقاموس وبهيك بيتكون طريقهم لل creole

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DAN SLOBIN

WRITE AN ESSAY CALLED CHILDREN AND LANGUAGE



HE devoted that
all children around world learn the same

The first word comes in the first half of the second year for
just about everyone.

2-By the age of 5 the basic structures of
the language are in place, although fine-tuning goes on until late childhood

3-Children all over the world are sensitive to the same kinds of
language properties, such as word order and inflection. They make
remarkably few errors, but their errors are of a similar type

4-Spanish-speaking children do not use their first
word until they are 3,

5-acquisition of Spanish syntax is not completed
until adolescence.


6-All
children learn regular patterns better than irregular ones,



7-
All children make similar
kinds of “errors” – no matter what language they are acquiring.



8-for children everywhere there seems to be a critical
period in the acquisition of their first language.

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FRANZ JOSEPH GALL
in the 18 th century
1- developed the field of phrenology طور علم فراسة الدماغ


2- he believed that various abilities such as wisdom and morality and music ability and language are located in different area in the brain
اعتقد ان بعض المقدرات والمشاعر متل الحكمة واللغة والقدرات الموسيقية موجودة باماكن مختلفة بالدماغ


after him came french neurologist named PAUL BROCA جا بعدة دكتور اعصاب فرنسي اسمو باول بروكا


he presented first case of APHASIA
وقدم اول حالة للعالم للافاسيا


after 10 years
come a German neurologist named carl werincke
he present another kind of aphasia

بعدعشر سنين جا دكتور اعصاب الماني اسمو كارل ورينيكا وقدم افاسيا بمكان تاني
وظلت معرفة باسمائهم ليومنا هدا