[ اللغة الانجليزية ] : رحلة عمر بلييز تفضلي

[سنا]

رحلة عمر هاااااي كيفك كنت اقرى بموضوعك لتاريخ الادب وطلع لي انك متواجده امتحاني بكره:d1:بس حبيت اعرف اذا تذكرين اش التعاريف والنوتس اللي جتكم بالفاينل وبشريني انك نجحتي بهالعله

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تو طآلعه بنآآمـ وانتبهت لموضوعك
الحمدلله نجحت فيها وبتقدير حلو لانة كان سهل ^^

شويات ادور لك ورقة التعاريف واصورها لك

برب ^^

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تعريف ساينس فيكشن صفحة 163

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نظرية داروين مهمة وجت بالاختبار
صفحة 91 عن وليم وردورث جت هذي

الباقي مااذكر شو

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http://www.ckfu.org/vb/t77590.html


مهم جدا جدا ^^

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يبدء من شابتر سفن ^^
بس احنا مادخل معنا بالنهائي حذفتة لنا ^^

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هذي ملازم التفريغ


We have the restoration period. Writings in the restoration period were censoredمراقبة. Censorshipالرقابة means that they are following the writers.
Love theme was considered to be a matter of sinخطيئة. It was The Puritan Period. Then we have the Restoration- Dryden period
Heroic couplets came = two lines that rhyme together.
The subject matter was not man to man relationship or God to man relationship. In the restoration period it is more of scientific issuesقضايا. They had the Royal Society, discoveries. Writers at that time wrote scientific logical issues. They did not want to write about their country, to write about their emotionsمشاعر no more. They wanted to write about political and scientific issues. They wanted to write about reality. They wanted to address يخاطبreason- the head not the heart. Logicالمنطق controlled all forms of writing. They did not want to write about nature.
Now, early 19th century poets, we have a new controversialجدلي reversicalعكسي moment. Now, they are back to the country life, they are back to love, back to emotions. The language was not the restoration heroic couplet. It is a natural flowing متدفقlanguage. The early 19th century poets are the Romantic Poets. They would appreciate يقدرanything even a plant or a bird, the sun rise, the clouds.
William Wordsworth and Coleridge are romantic poets. Both of them joined together and wrote the Lyrical Ballads- this book initiatedبدأ the Romantic period. The ideas in this book are full of romantic language. It inspiredالهم other poets who came after them and tried to imitate يقلدColeridge and Wordsworth. They poets lived at Northwest of England – near to a lakeبحيرة. That is why they call them the Lake Poets.
These two poets appreciatedيقدر nature and wrote many poems about nature.
Romanticism besidesبالإضافة إلى writing about nature, form, beside the use of normal and natural language, usually the romantic poets love to go to the past. They find release, comfort in the past. They find that nostalgic الشعور بالحنين إلى الوطنfeeling. They enjoy contemplatingيتأمل their past memoriesذكريات.
Wordsworth and Coleridge loved nature. They are similar but still they are different some way. Wordsworth likes to present nature, while Coleridge likes to look for mysterious غامضthings= magicalسحرى.
They supposed that the language of poetry should be the language of a farmer, it should be apprehendedيفهم= understood by everybody even workers.
In this period- early 19th century period, they are not using heroic couplets any more. They stopped using this complex restoration language. They used more natural language.
Coleridge has certain characteristics in his poetry. He came through charm, mysterious غامضobjects. Coleridge wrote The Rime of the Ancient Mariner. It tells about a mariner = sailorبحار who was traveling in the sea. He was an arrogant مغرورperson. He did not appreciate يقدرanything around him. During his voyageرحلة بحرية, he killed an albatross= a bird, a curse لعنةfell on the ship because of this action. He killed the bird for nothing, just for the enjoyment of killing. The wind stopped. They had no water to drink. The ship stopped and they remained ظلthere for a long time. Other members of the ship died out of thirstعطش. The only one who lived was the ancient mariner. He should suffer the consequencesعواقب of killing the bird. He stayed there for many days. In one night, he saw some of the sea creatures مخلوقاتon the ship. He started to appreciate the creation of God. As a result, the ship moved and he was able to go back home.
The idea of this poem is a new one. It is a mysterious idea. We have more than one moral اخلاقىlesson= to appreciate God's creation- to study our action. There is mystery غموضand magicسحر in this poem.
He wrote another poem "Christabel" . It was not finished. There is mystery and magic in this poem. Christabel has been wondering in the wood and he found a beautiful and charming lady Geraldine. She told him that she is the daughter of his father's friend who has quarreledيتشاجر with him. He took her home. He found that she was not a beautiful lady but she was an evil spiritروح شريرة in the form of a lady.
It is a very nice poem. It is one of the most popular English poems in the 19th century.
He wrote "Kubla Khan". It is another poem. There is magic. Coleridge did not finish writing it. When he wrote this poem he was reading about Kubla Khan's city in Xanadu- on waking he knew that he had a dream about that wonderful place- the views, the deserts. During that dream, he dreamt about hundred of rhymes of poetry- as if in his dream he was composingيألف- as if someone had inspired الهمhim. When he woke up, he immediately began to write down everything. Unluckily, he was interrupted يقاطعand he forgot the rest of the poem – after writing hundreds of lines.
The Lyrical Ballads was the joint work between Coleridge and Wordsworth. Wordsworth wrote more than half of the book. They consider his part to be larger than Coleridge's part.
Wordsworth wrote in" Lines Written on Tintern Abbey" the poet returns to a scene of his childhood, sits under a tree, and looks at the lovely views which he used to remember far awayبعيد.
He also wrote one of his best sonnets- "Westminster Bridge" – an emotional view of London asleep.
He wrote "London" . it is a cry for help in the troubles of the world.
· The Daffodils
· The Solitary Reaper
· Lucy
· Ode on Intimations of Immortality. It is longer and more important . The poet finds a basis of faith in memories of childhood. He finds comfort in the past- in remembering the memories of his childhood. In this poem he stresses that the daily life activities should not hide our perceptionأدرك to the value قيمةof heavenالجنة.
· He published "The Prelude " it is a long book meant to be divided into four themes- records of poems. In these part he records his day of childhood- his travel to France- Italy- his life in France during the French Revolution . He witnessedشهد the revolution.
· "The Excursion" is written in nine books, is the middle part a great philosophical work which he planned but never completed. It has some of his philosophical فلسفىideas.

*George Gordon - Lord Byron
He was a romantic figure. He liked to travel a lot. His poetry was much influenced يتأثرby the classical form of Pope. He wrote a quantity كميةof poems. He liked to imitate the classical writers- Alexander Pope- Dryden- he wrote the form of the heroic couplets and the Spenserian stanza – they say that the language he used- the words he used do not have connotativeمعنى دلالى meanings= deep meanings.Words mean what they mean- the denotative معنى قاموسىonly. There is no deep meaning- no metaphorical meaning. Words are very simple. He says what he wants to say directly.
He wrote a number of poems:
· "Childe Harlod". It is about someone who goes off to travel far to travel because he was fed upزهق, because he is disgusted قرفwith life's foolish pleasures . In this poem, he uses the Spenserian stanza. Lord Byron himself, the different places that he visits give him an opportunity فرصةwhat once happened in them.
· "The Giaour"= the Christian. It is about a slave Leila- who is thrown into the sea by her master Hassan. In revenge انتقامher lover Giaour, kills Hassan.
· "The Bride of Abydos" .it is a tragic love story. It is written in heroic couplet. It is a story of love fighting يحاربdeath .
· The Corsair and Lara " It is written in heroic couplet. It is a story of love fighting death .
· "Don Juan "it is a famous poem. It tells the story of a ship wreck. It is meant to be a satire against his enemy- it was a cover to attackيهاجم his enemies.
· "The Assyrian Came Down"- a number of short poems which are popularشائع.
He died of feverحمى before he was forty.

Percy Bysshe Shelly

He was a sensitive poet. He revoltedثار against any given facts, he was an atheistملحد. He believed only in nature. He believed that all the answers to the human beings can be found in nature.

He wrote a number of poems:
· "Alastar-or- The Spirit of Solitude " it is written in blank verse. He was influenced by Wordsworth. It expresses the sorrows of the violentعنيف feelings of men.
· "The Revolt of Islam" it is a cry of impatienceعدم صبر at the cruelty قسوةof the world. It is too long- 5000 lines. It is written in the Spenserian stanza.
· The Cenic a shockingصادم but honest tragedy= a play It has some dramatic power
· Prometheus Unbound " it is another play= poetic play on the Greek model. It deals with human struggle, against the power of falseزائف gods. The language is dull but the lyricغنائى is beautiful.
· "Adonais" is one of his best poems. It is an elegy- written to lamentيرثى the death of his friend Keats.
· One of his finest sonnets "Ozymandias"
· "The Cloud"
· "Ode to the West Wind". It gives expression to his wild and free imagination.
Shelly died early- at the age of 29- he was drownedغرق.

John Keats

· His early poem "Endymion"it is in 4 books. It is based يعتمدon old ideas : the old gods, the love of the moon goddess for a Shepherdراعى- Venus and Adonis. It was violentlyبعنف criticized انتقدbut he did not lose faith ثقة- ايمانin himself.
· " Lamia" in which a snake is changed into a beautiful lady.
· Isabella. It is taken from a story in Baccaccio's Decameron.
(Read the story page 98). There is similarityتشابه between Keats and Coleridge.
· "The Eve of Saint Agnes" . it is built on the idea that at night girls may see their lovers in dreams.
· "Hyperion"it is not finished.
· "Ode on a Grecian Urn"
· "To a Nightingale"
· "To Autumn"
· " La Belle Dame Sans Merci" a good ballad.

Keats died at the age of 26 of tuberculosisالدرن.

A less important poet Robert Southey

He wrote immense amount of prose and verse. His poems often told a story and were set in far wayبعيد lands. Among the shorter poems are ' the Incheape Rock" and " the Battle of Blenheim" his prose " Life of Nelson"

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History pf literature (4) **

A comparison between 18th century Poets and Early 19th century- Romantic Poets.

You have to understand the change- the twist.

What is the meaning of Romanticism?

The poetry of this period- early 19th century are called Romantic Poets. Poetry of that period is not mainly about love between man and woman.
Romantic Age does not mean the idea of romance- love.
Romantic poets are more interested in going back to nature. In romantic poetry, we find many referencesإشارات to some one called - Sir Lancelot – he has been one of the knights of King Arthur's knights. We find also many references to King Arthur- a figure of medieval literature. We have many medieval literary works about King Arthur. In the Romantic Age, poets were influenced by medieval literatureأدب العصور الوسطى.Romantic poets are, more interested in imaginative خيالىactivities.They dealt with imaginative stories.With the Romantics, we do not have reason. We have more of emotions and imagination. 18th century writers were against emotions and imagination. These were the two causes of the civil war. They are back to the heart- not to the head. They loved nature, imagination. We find stories like the fairy tales- imaginative stories.
Romance: is a free imaginative idealizing مثالىfiction. It is fancy- not real. It idealizes things- deals with things as being perfect. It is not about the love between man and woman.
It originally refers to medieval talesحكايات. It refers to knightly adventuresمغامرات الفرسان - adventures of King Arthur and his knights. It is written in the roman elevated راقيةlanguage. Later on they were translated ترجمinto French. Romantic poets read about these tales in French. They based their stories on the French origin of stories.
Chief characteristics of the romantic Age:
We have a comparison between the Romantics and 18th century poets- between Wordsworth's generation and Dryden's generationجيل.
Romantics are now following imagination and emotions. They refused to follow reason.
18th century poets favored reason and judgment.
Romantic writers were concerned withمهتم ب the particular.
18th century writers were concerned about the general experience.
Romantic writers stressed the value of the individual human beingالفرد= the personal" I". they preferred the singular item rather than the plural items.
18th century writers stressed the value of society- "we"
Romantic writers called for freedom, all kinds of freedom.
18th century writers wanted law, authorityالسلطة, and reason to govern them. They did not want to be free. They wanted to follow rules. Once they were free, they foughtحارب in the civil war.
Romantic writers were interested in the medieval subjects- king Arthur.
18th century writers took their stories from the classical Greek and Roman writers.
Romantic poets spoke about England-medieval England
18th century writers were more about outside England.

v Historical back ground:

1. The Revolt of the English colonies in America.

We have many events that took place in the Romantic period.
America had been a colony to England. During the Romantic Age, Americans sufferedعانى from the political and economicalاقتصادي authority السلطةof England. They started to revoltيثور. They wanted to get their own independenceالاستقلال.

2. The French Revolution
It happened during the Romantic Age. It started peacefullyبسلام. There were French philosophical ideas of some French philosophers who called for freedom and equalityالمساواة. It changed into a bloody دموىrevolutionثورة. It was no longer that philosophical revolution. They lost all of their principlesمبادئ.
3. The Industrial Revolution:
During the Romantic Age, they invented the engineالمحرك. They started to establish اقامواfactoriesالمصانع. They were not run by human hands, but by engines. England became an industrial country. People desertedهجر villages and settled in cities to work in factories.
The invention اختراعof the engine changed the fate of the country. Some workers lost their jobs because they did not know how to use engines.
4. Colonial Expansionتوسع استعماري= Imperialism.
England enlarged توسعthe number of its coloniesمستعمرات to other far lands. It was almost half of the world.
It was in the 19th century that England started colonial expansion. They used to steal the worth of the occupied countriesالبلاد المحتلة.
England was the master. It was on control of most of the world countries. It controlled commerceالاقتصاد- التجارة- trade of the world.

The early 19th century is the Romantic Age-
The late 19th century is the Victorian Age- named after Queen Victoria.
ý 19th century poets are divided into:
· The Romantics- early 19th century- the first half of the 19th century
· The Victorians- late 19th century- 2nd half of the 19th century.

ý The Romantic poets are divided into two:

· The first generation of the Romantic poets- Wordsworth and Coleridge- they wrote a book that started the Romantic period- the "Lyrical Ballads" it initiated بدأthe Romantic Period.
· The second generation of the Romantic poets- Keats and Shelly- they were influenced by Wordsworth and Coleridge.
What are the principles of writing poetry for the Romantics?
They supposed that the language of poetry should be the simple everyday language- language of farmers- ordinary language. They refused using heroic couplets- sophisticated معقدlanguage. They used natural language.
The romantic were inspired by nature. It was like a mother- they considered nature as a source of happiness. It teaches moral lessons to human being.

Book page 91

Who are the early 19th century poets?
Chapter 9- page 91
· William Wordsworth
· Coleridge
· Keats
· Shelly

Chapter 10-

Later 19th century poets- Victorian Poets:

ý Victorian Age:

It started in 1832- 1900
It is also called later 19th century period.
Queen Victoria became the Queen in 1837. She died 1901. Why it is called Victorian Age. It started when Queen Victoria succeeded the throne and became the queen of England.

During that Period England became a great nation because of the colonial expansion. It became the world wealthiest اغنىnation= richest nation. Great industrial changed happened to the country.
Some people were afraid that the English people were losing their traditional تقاليدvalue. They had opposite mixed feelings about the traditions and worldly power.
Some celebrated the industrial development of England. The others were less confident, less sure about England problems. They were losing their traditional valuesقيم. There was a conflict among people.
In this period we have famous writers like Dickens and Thackeray. They wrote great deal of novels. They were called preciousقيم leaders. They covered all political, religious, historical and social issues
The writers of this period, each writer had his own different opinions. We have variety تنوعof views.
It is a difficult and complicated period.

We can divide the Victorian Age into three periods:
· Early phase
· Middle Phase
· Late Phase

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H.E. Literature Dr. Monira 2nd year 2nd term 2010-04-13

5th lecture

The Victorian Age

The Victorian shared the same historical background with the Romantics. They are still in the 19th century- living in the same century- with the same ideas, the same effects of the industrial Revolution and Colonial expansion.

As a result of the Industrial Revolution, Factories used machines. They reduced the number of the labors. People started to move from villages to live in cities. Because they invented the steam engines, they invented railways.
Historical and political background:
The Victorian age began when Queen Victoria succeeded her uncle William Iv and became queen of England.
The Victorians were separated. Some of them were afraid of the change of England to be an industrial country. They were afraid that they will lose the traditional values. They were against the change. Other people supported he change.
During the Victorian age, we have many novelists and many poets.
We can divide the Victorian age into three stages:
· The early period 1832-1848
· The middle period 1848- 1870
· The late period1870-1901
Early Victorian Period: 1832-1848:
· The members of the Parliament- the Whigs and the Tories- are working together- they are no longer fighting. They are passing laws for the service of the community. They passed First Reform Bill in 1832 as the first democratic reform. It gave greater power to the middle class by extending the vote to all men owing property worth ten pounds or more. Before that bill, only rich aristocratic- upper class people could vote. Middle class [people were not allowed to vote. In the Victorian age, middle class was becoming greater and wealthier, richer. This bill gave the middle class the right to vote on one condition- a man who should vote should have the property worth ten pounds-
This bill reduced the power of the upper class landowners by the redistribution of parliamentary representation.
· It abolished= ended the system of rotten Borough- a city – it was a law- they had to finish this law- cities had a limited number of population. Because of the industrial revolution- people moved to new cities. This city with huge number of people- upper class people moved to new cities. So, they called it rotten borough- it is a law that happened before the Victorian. After this movement from one city to another, they found that they had to finish that law- people who move from one district to another. They had to stop this distraction
· It marked the mergence of the middle class as the dominant force in English politics. They were economically, socially strong, but politically they were not. After they had the right to vote, after redistributing the parliamentary representations which allowed some members of the middle class to become members of the parliament, after abolishing the system of the rotten borough, the middle class became dominant.
· In the early 1840 sever economic depression and wide spread unemployment led to the working class protest and rioting .
· The emergence of the chartists- the first great organized working class movement of the industrial era.
· Potato blight= disease in Ireland in 1845 and Corn Law- this problem of potato blight spread all over Europe and reached England. They lost their product. They could not get money. People started to starve to death- a famine مجاعةhappened . great number of population died this year- 12% of people died because of the famine.
· The English corn was expensive. They imported corn from other foreign countries. People started to buy the imported corn and forgot about the English corn. Traders lost their trade. They started to throw the corn into the sea. So, the parliament passed a law to protect the English corn.
· The policy of free trade made England begin to move toward greater prosperity and improved living conditions.
The Middle Period- 1848- 1870
· England reached the height ذروةof its wealth and productivityإنتاجية as an industrial nation. England had no competition منافسةwith any nation. It was the only industrial country at that time. Because of that, it became the richest and wealthiestاغنى European nation.
· London had become the world centre for bankingالصرافة, insuranceالتأمين and shippingالشحن بالسفن. It improved importing الاستيرادand exportingالتصدير.
· A new system of railwaysالسكك الحديد covered the country and played a vital roleدور حيوي in England's prosperity الرخاء
· Technological and scientific inventionsاختراعات amazed أدهشتthe world and promised even greater prosperityرخاء for the future.
· English political life during this middle period was dominated يسيطر علىby complicated infightingصراع عدم between the Whigs and the Tories, or liberalsالعمال and conservativesالمحافظين as they were coming to be called. There was peace السلامbetween the two partiesالحزبين.
· During the 1840 and the early 1850 leaders from both parties had joined in persuading يقنعparliament to pass a series of bills- laws – Factory Law - which restrictedحدد child labor عملand limited محددworking hours.
· In 1867 the Second Reform Bill was passed which extended مددthe vote التصويتto all members of the working class except agricultural laborers= farmers مزارعين. It had a profound effect on the subsequent تالي development of English political life.
Late Period 1870- 1901
· The last 30 years of Victorian reignعهد appear on the surface to be a contribution إسهامof mid- Victorian prosperityالرخاء, gradualتدريجي reform إصلاحand expansionتوسع.the last 30 years was the result of the early and the middle period.
· During these years, British Empire reached the highest of its power and influenceتأثير. English imperialism استعمارnot as a system of economic expansion توسعand exploitation استغلالbut as the realizationإدراك of an ideal of the Anglo-Saxon race spreading its supposedly من المفترضsuperior civilization through the world.
· The two greatest jubilee = احتفال اليوبيل الفضيcelebrations of 1887 and 1897 displayed = celebrating each ten years of Queen Victoria's rule- the nations confidence ثقةwith triumphantانتصار pompموكب and ceremony.
· Beneath تحت this surface, there were signsإشارات- علامات of new tension توترin Victorian life.
· The rapid emergence of Chancellor Ottovon Bishmaroks Germany as a great militaryحربي and industrial power began to pose a threatتهديد to England's prominence. Germany was now gaining power . it was a threat to the position England had.
· In 1890, the Labor Party arose to argue يجادلfor an entirely new conceptionمفهوم of the relationship between the owners of industry and the workers.
Victorian attitude
Middle class Victorians believed in hard work, Moral; seriousness and social respectabilityاحترام. They were progressive= to all scientific discoveries- that they favored The new discoveries of science and the gradual attempts to make England more democratic society. They were conservatives and often repressive in their attitudes towards worldly pleasures.
First Reform Bill- emancipation تحريرof all slavesالعبيد in the British Empire.

Religious movement
Evangelicalism: they were dedicated to human causes and social reform. It is mainly about Christianity. They are going back to the real roots of Christianity. There is a chance for everybody to purify ينقىhis sinsخطايا- to be reborn- it is Protestant belief. They highly regard the Biblical authorityسلطة. The Victorian period was governed يحكمby the Bible- they believed that it should govern the life of the whole people.
The result of this movement is that they called for First Reform Bill- emancipation تحريرof all slavesالعبيد in the British Empire.

There was another theory- Utilitarianism- النفعية= they would judge things reasonably, mathematically, scientifically- not religiously = things to be judged by its futility in providing happiness and pleasure.
The utilitarian theory developed by …. It showed all human subjects and institutions to the calculations of science in order to determine their futility.
Victorian poetry
Major writers of this period embodied يجسدand rebelled ثار against the attitude موقفof the Victorians – seriousness- earnestnessجدية, self –satisfaction رضاand anxietyقلق.
The poetry represented يمثلa further development تطورof themes and attitudes first explored يستكشفby the romantics.
The Victorians poet was confrontedيواجه with new problems of meaning and expression.

Finished