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[ساره 2005]

· Phonetics – the study of the way humans make, transmit and receive speech sounds

Phonology

· The study of the sound system of languages, and of the general properties displayed by these systems.

A phoneme is the smallest contrastive unit in the sound system of a language.

A phoneme is a minimal unit that serves to distinguish between meanings of words.

· Consonants are sounds produced with some restriction or total closure in the vocal tract as the air from the lungs is pushed through the glottis out the mouth.

Labial: Consonants whose main restriction is formed by the two lips coming together have a bilabial place of articulation.

•Dental: Sounds that are made by placing the tongue against the teeth are dentals.

•Palatal: The roof of the mouth (the palate) rises sharply from the back of the alveolar ridge..

•Velar: The velum or soft palate is a movable muscular flap at the very back of the roof of the mouth.

•Glottal: (the glottis is the space between the vocal folds).

Fricatives: involve a slightly resisted flow of air

Nasals

Sounds are produced when air flow through the mouth is completely blocked and released through the nose.

Liquids are sounds with very little air resistance.

Semivowels are sounds that are, as the name implies, very nearly vowels.

Allophone: a variant of a phoneme

VOWELSThey are sounds in which there is no obstruction to the flow of air as it passes from the larynx to the lips

Diphthongs are combinations of two sounds-

Phonetic transcription (or phonetic notation) is the visual representation of speech sounds (or phones).

Transcription – the art of reducing speech to writing

The parts are onset and rhyme; within the rhyme we find the nucleus and coda.

· Onset: the beginning sounds of the syllable; the ones preceding the nucleus

Rhyme (or rime): the rest of the syllable, after the onset (the underlined portions of the words above).

Nucleus is the core or essential part of a syllable.

Features: aspects or characteristics of a speech sound that arise from the way the sound is articulated or the way it sounds to the ear.

syllables:

a syllable is a rhythmic unit of speech.

Words: words are made of syllables

Stress is the relative emphasis that may be given to certain syllables in a word, or to certain words in a phrase or sentence

Complex words

- words made from a basic word form (stem) + an affix

Compound words – words composed of separable root morphemes. (football

Suffixes carrying primary stress – the primary stress is on the first syllable of the suffix.

Intonation:Improving sentence intonation is one of the key elements in your English pronunciation.

Stops are sounds that are created when the air is stopped from leaving the vocal tract for a short amount of time, then released smoothly

Affricates are sounds that are created when the air is stopped from leaving the vocal tract for a short amount of time, then released with a smaller opening, causing friction

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