[ المناقشات ] : مناقشات جميع مواد مستوى خامس

[همس الروح 2015]

بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

Literature 17 th ( الادب الاجليزي قرن 17 )

المناقشة1:
. The Puritan movement stood for liberty of the people from the shackles of the despotic ruler as well as the introduction of morality and high ideals in politics. Thus it had two objects – personal righteousness and civil and religious liberty.
It aimed at making men honest and free. Milton and Cromwell were the real champions of liberty and stood for toleration.

المناقشة 2:
Jacobean and Caroline Prose
This period was rich in prose. The great prose writers were Bacon, Burton, Milton, Sir Thomas Browne, Jeremy Taylor and Clarendon. For the first time the great scholars began to write in English rather than Latin. So the Bible became the supreme example of earlier English prose style- simple, plain and natural.
Restoration Prose
The Restoration period was deficient in poetry and drama, but in prose it holds it head much higher. It was during the Restoration Period that English prose was developed as a medium for expressing clearly and precisely average ideas and feelings about miscellaneous matters for which prose is really meant.

المناقشة3:
هنا أكتب رأيكم الشخصي هل انت موافق على و جهة نظر ميلتون بالمرأة بأنها أقل شأناً من الرجل.

المناقشة4
In the form of a serpent, he talks to Eve and compliments her on her beauty and godliness. She is amazed to find an animal that can speak. She asks how he learned to speak, and he tells her that it was by eating from the Tree of Knowledge. He tells Eve that God actually wants her and Adam to eat from the tree, and that his order is merely a test of their courage. She is hesitant at first but then reaches for a fruit from the Tree of Knowledge and eats. She becomes distraught and searches for Adam. Adam has been busy making a wreath of flowers for Eve.
When Eve finds Adam, he drops the wreath and is horrified to find that Eve has eaten from the forbidden tree. Knowing that she has fallen, he decides that he would rather be fallen with her than remain pure and lose her. So he eats from the fruit as well. Adam looks at Eve in a new way, and together they turn to lust. God immediately knows of their disobedience. He tells the angels in Heaven that Adam and Eve must be punished, but with a display of both justice and mercy

المناقشة 5:
The first words of Paradise Lost state that the poem’s main theme will be “Man’s first Disobedience.” Milton narrates the story of Adam and Eve’s disobedience, explains how and why it happens, and places the story within the larger context of Satan’s rebellion and Jesus’ resurrection.


المناقشة 6:
Discuss how Milton divides the universe into four major regions.
Milton divides the universe into four major regions: glorious Heaven, dreadful Hell, confusing Chaos, and a young and vulnerable Earth in between. The opening scenes that take place in Hell give the reader immediate context as to Satan’s plot against God and humankind. The intermediate scenes in Heaven, in which God tells the angels of his plans, provide a philosophical and theological context for the story.
Then, with these established settings of good and evil, light and dark, much of the action occurs in between on Earth. The powers of good and evil work against each other on this new battlefield of Earth. Satan fights God by tempting Adam and Eve, while God shows his love and mercy through the Son’s punishment of Adam and Eve.

المناقشة 7:

One of the themes in TO DAFFODILS by Robert Herrick is that beauty is not going to stay forever. To
what extent do you agree, verify your answer with examples.
Yes agree with him ,Life is short, and the world is beautiful, love is splendid and we must use the short time we live to make the most of it. This is shown in the words “haste”, “run”, “short” and “quick”.


المناقشة 8:
Explain the surface meaning and deep meaning of “ To Daffodils” by Herrick.
Surface meaning:
In the poet ,TO Daffodils ; Robert Herrick begins by saying that we ’, To Daffodils In his poem ‘ grieve to see the beautiful daffodils being wasted away very quickly. The duration of their gloom is so short that it seems even the rising sun still hasn’t reached the noon-time. Thus, in the very beginning the poet has struck a note of mourning at the fast dying of daffodils.
The poet then addresses the daffodils and asks them to stay until the clay ends with the evening prayer. After praying together he says that they will also accompany the daffodils. This is so because like flowers men too have a very transient life and even the youth is also very short-lived

المناقشة 9:
An implicit theme of “Virtue” is faith. Discuss
An implicit theme of "Virtue" is faith. Although what is visible to humankind in the poem is the transience of earthly delight and the decay of nature, the poem ultimately conveys what cannot be seen and must instead be felt: the existence of a quality, the soul, which exists in eternal delight in a dimension other than the one in which our bodies live.


المناقشة 10:
To what extent the fourth quatrain in “Virtue” is different from the first three.
Herbert begins "Virtue" with an apostrophe, or invocation. That is, here, he starts with a direct rhetorical address to a personified thing: as if speaking to the day, the narrator says, "Sweet day" and then characterizes the day as "cool," "calm," and "bright." Thus, for one noun, "day," he provides four adjectives. The rest of the line is made up of the adverbial "so," signifying intensity, repeated three times. Herbert is presenting a fairly generic image, without any action, as no verb appears among these eight words. Nor can a verb be found in the next line, which is a kind of appositive, or a noun phrase placed beside the noun that it describes. "The bridal of the earth and sky," which describes the "day," indicates no action, instead merely illustrating and amplifying the conditions depicted in the first line. That is, the "sweet day" is the bridal — the marriage, conjunction, or secured — of the earth and the sky. In sum, Herbert presents a serene yet invigorating day and locates the reader in the celestial and terrestrial realms simultaneously, for the day in its loveliness brings them together. and The last quatrain presents images of an eternal soul and of a conflagration that turns the whole world, except that virtuous soul, to blackened coal, and its last line ends with the word "live".

المناقشة 11:
Why did Ventidius hate Cleopatra?
Ventidius strongly believes that Cleopatra had been responsible for the ruin of Antony. Ventidius says that Cleopatra has put golden chains around Antony and has made him a slave to her love, thus robbing him of his manliness. Ventidius deplores Cleopatra’s demoralizing influence on Antony who seems to have lost all his heroism and valor. Alexas , in reply, says that one of Antony’s excellent qualities is his loyalty to the woman who loves him.


المناقشة 12:
Discuss how Cleopatra is responsible for all Octavia’s
sufferings
Octavia says that Cleopatra is responsible for all her sufferings. But the moment Octavia leaves, Cleopatra’s heart begins to sink at the thought that Octavia has got back her husband and that Cleopatra is going to lose her lover. She now wants to weep over Antony’s desertion of her till she dies . and Cleopatra reveals that she had spurned Octavius’s offer only because she has always been loyal to Antony. Antony asks Cleopatra to order the unlocking of the gate which opens towards Octavius’s camp. He decides to lead an Egyptian force in order to launch an assault upon Octavius’s troops who would be least expecting it.





المناقشة 13:
comment on the character of Antony.
Antony is now in two minds . He does not know what to do. He says that his feeling of pity urges him to take Octavia’s side but that the same feeling of pity urges him even more strongly to stick to Cleopatra . Ventidius says that both pity and justice demand that Antony should take the side of Octavia . and I think character of Antony is weak and sensitive personal


المناقشة 14:
Comment on the end of All For Love.
The end of All For Love it's sad and tragic . and Dryden gave to his play a sub-title which is THE WORLD WELL LOST. The sub- title means that Antony did well to sacrifice his empire for the sake of his love for Cleopatra, and that Cleopatra did well to sacrifice her kingdom and her life for the sake of her love for Antony . ALL FOR LOVE is a historical play. Dryden depended on Shakespeare’s play ANTONY AND CLEOPATRA

[همس الروح 2015]

) الترجمة ) Translation theory

المناقشة 1:
What is Translation?

Can Translation become a Science? Discuss

-

translation : the replacement of textual material in one language SL by ********************alent textual material in another language TL .

Sure it is a science and make a kind of art or professional.




المناقشة 2:
Lecture: (2) What is a Translator?

Are all communicators translators? Discuss

=

All communicators are translators, because they receive signals in speech and in writing containing messages encoded in a communication system which is not identical with their own.

- All communicators tend to face the same problems as those of translators, because they need to read the text, make sense of a text. They need to deconstruct it and then reconstruct it.

- Therefore, we can say that any model of communication is a model of translation.






المناقشة 3:
Elements of Translation.

Does a Translation Theory exist? Discuss-
Translation theory is the body of knowledge that we have about translating, extending form general principles to guidelines , suggestion and hints.

Elements of Translation.

Does a Translation Theory exist? Discuss

There six elements of translation :

1- The source language

2- The source text

3-The Translator

4-The translated text

5- The language of Translation

6- The target language




المناقشة 4:
\Elements of Translation.

Which element is the most important element in translation? Discuss.

The Translator

 The translator is the most important element in translation, without him translation does not happen.

 He is the initial knower of two languages or more who could have the ability to move between two languages.

 The translator is a bilingual or a multi-lingual individual.

 The translator’s knowledge should include : knowledge of general linguistics, descriptive methodology and methodology of research applicable to SL and TL.

 The translator has knowledge of the SL and TL cultures.






المناقشة 5:
The Process of Translation

What is the relationship between process and product in Translation?=

It is a complex cognitive operation which takes place in the mind of the translator.

2. This operation helps the translator to interpret and extract the meaning of the original text and re-encode this meaning in the target language.

3. It is simply the abstract translating activities that take place in the mind of the translator before the production of the translated text.




المناقشة 6:
Translation and Culture

How Does culture affect translation? Discuss.=

Culture is ‘the way of life and its manifestations that are peculiar to a community that uses a particular language as its means of expression’.

When there is a cultural focus , there is a translation problem due to the cultural ‘gap’ or ‘distance’ between the SL and TL.

For example in terms like: crickets words, camel words, etc.

Universal terms such as ‘table’ ‘mirror’, ‘breakfast’ don’t cause translation problems.

When dealing with culture in translation you need to be aware of the following:

1. Contextual Factors such as: Purpose of text, Motivation and cultural, technical and linguistic level of readership, Importance of referent in the SL text, Setting (does recognised translation exist?), Recency of word/referent

2. Translation procedures such as : Transference, Cultural ********************alent, Naturalization, Literal translation, Label, Componential analysis, Accepted standard translation, Paraphrasing, etc






المناقشة 7:
Methods of Translation

What is the best method of translation and why?=

There are eight types of translation:

word-for-word translation, literal

translation, faithful translation,

semantic translation, adaptive

translation, free translation,

idiomatic translation, and

communicative translation. and The best method is (Communicative Translation): it attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of the original in such a way that both content and language are readily accepted and comprehensible to the readership.




المناقشة 8:
Short Intro. to A/E Translation
Why did Translation prosper in the time of Caliph Al-Mamun?=
Translation during the Abbasid Age (811-1331).
Enthusiasm for learning and a high standard of living made the people of Abbasid Age very interested in getting to know what other nations like the
32
Greeks, Romans or Persians had achieved in the field of knowledge, art and science. The only way for them to do so was through the process of translation.

In the time of Caliph Al-Mamun, translation prospered and expanded. He established Dar Al-Ĥikmah (The House of Wisdom) for translators.
Translators were very selective. Works on philosophy, medicine, engineering, music and logic were translated from Greek into Arabic; while works on astronomy, art, law, history and music were translated from Persian into Arabic.




المناقشة 9:
Discuss the main differences between Translation
and Interpreting
Translation and interpretation are similar to writing and speech.
Translation has to do with written language whereas interpretation has to do with speech. Speech historically preceded written language.
Interpretation was used before translation as a means of communication between people of different languages.
Translation was and is still the main streamline from which interpretation has recently branched out as an independent discipline.


المناقشة 10:
Discuss the role of Translation Memory Technology in
Arabic/English-English Arabic Translation nowadays.=
TM allows the translator to store translations in a database and ‘recycle’ them in a new translation by automatically retrieving matched segments (usually sentences) for re-use.
The TM database consists of a source text and target text segment pairs which form so-called translation units (TUs).
After dividing a new ST into segments, the system compares each successive ST segment against the ST segments stored in the translation database.
When a new ST segment matches an ST segments in the database the relevant TU is retrieved.


المناقشة 11:
Discuss the issue of collocations in Arabic / English-
Arabic Translation?=
a collocation is a sequence of words or terms that co-occur more often than would be expected by chance. It is the tendency of certain words to co-occur regularly in a given language, for example, the English verb ‘ deliver collocates with a number of nouns, for each of which Arabic uses a different verb. and Non-********************alence at word level means that the target language has no direct ********************alent for a word which occurs in the source text.




المناقشة 12:
Discuss the Translation problems at morphological
level in Arabic and English.
Morphology covers the structure of words, the way in which the form of a word changes to indicate specific contrast in grammatical system:
for instance ,most nouns in English have two forms a singular form and a plural form man/men, child /children/ car/cars.




المناقشة 13:
: : Find the ecological feature and attempt to translate the following
example into English and explain the translation approach..
or strategy you are using..
وخَلاَ الذُبابُ بها فَلَيس بِبارحِ غَرِداً كَفِعلِ الشَّارِبِ المُتَرنِّمِ

--

I think I can translate the text in this way Flies settled and will not go .. happy as does the drunken ecstatic...

This involves terms or expressions and texts relating to flora, fauna, climate, plains, hills; ‘downs’, ‘plateau’. we can illustrate the translation problem caused by its climatic features :-

Therefore, the ‘substitution’ approach could be used to solve a problem as such. Substitution approach is one of a number of concepts and techniques in the general class of ordered metamorphosis.




المناقشة 14:
What are the advantages and disadvantages of The Theory of
Translation Course?-
a good translation is “that in which the merit of the original work is so completely transfused into another language , by a native of the country to which that language belongs , as it is by those who speak the language of the original work .”and there aren't disadvantages theory of to a translation course

[همس الروح 2015]

English thought and culture

المناقشة 1:
What is meant by “English” Thought & Culture?-
English Thought and Culture: focuses on different movements and factors that have influenced English thought and literature.
Also, it looks at important movements in English thought and literature, and refers to the historical background to English literature, thought and culture.
المناقشة 2:
What is the definition of “Thought”?-
Thought generally refers to any mental or intellectual activity involving an individual's subjective
consciousness. It can refer either to the act of thinking or the resulting ideas or arrangements of ideas.
المناقشة 3:
What is the definition of “Culture”?-
Culture is "that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, custom, and any
other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society."
المناقشة 4:
What are some of the main factors influencing the English Thought & Culture?-
1. Invasions (Politics & Economy)
2. Roman & Greek teachings and philosophies
3. Religions (Judaism & Christianity)
4. Theories, Movements, & Revolutions
5. Media & Technology
6. Geography and location
7. Contributions of other nations and cultures (like the Islamic and Arabic contributions)
المناقشة 5:
what do you want to learn in this course? -
Foundations and factors influencing the English and Thought & Culture Iwant to learn about English customs and culture in the European countries
المناقشة 6:
Discuss the following: This course highlights the contributions of Arabic and Islamic culture and civilization to the Western thought and culture .-
In Middle Ages was western live in darkness because Ignorance that Imposition Church but Freedom from that go to western to the translation of Islamic book .Then appear the enlightenment age . Islamic scientific was cause in prosperity western .
Islamic contributions to Medieval Europe were numerous, affecting such varied areas as art, architecture, medicine, agriculture, music, language, and technology. From the 11th to 13th centuries, Europe absorbed knowledge from the Islamic civilization. Of particular importance was the rediscovery of the ancient classic texts, most notably the work of the Greek natural philosopher Aristotle, through translations from Arabic.
المناقشة 7:
Discuss the impact of media on people’s thought.-
The media the had huge impact on people's of view and ideas and ways of thinking. it can make a bad thing look good and positive, it can also make something good look bad and people will become hateful towards it . and According to international statistics, media one of the most important influences in the lives of people .
المناقشة 8:
Mention some aspects of the Greek influence on the English thought & culture -
The term ancient Greece to the classical period of Greek history, in 146 BC and the Roman conquest of Greece after the Battle of Corinth. Always seen as a culture, authentic and laid the foundation of Western civilization
She gave authenticity to the current renaissance during the Age of Enlightenment in the 16th century and 17 in Western Europe, and the restoration of activity again through many of the classic modern renaissance in the 18th century and 19th in Europe and the Americas .
السؤال:- على البلاك بورد نفس السؤال حلوه نفسه اعادة للمناقشه 8
السؤال على الافتراضي :-
المناقشة 9:
Discuss briefly three main movements or revolutions that offected the English Thought &Culture . --
1- the American Revolution .2- The French Revolution . 3- industrial.
المناقشة 10:
Who was Plato?-
He was a philosopher in Classical Greece. He was also a mathematician, student of Socrates, writer of philosophical dialogues, and founder of the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world. Along with his mentor, Socrates, and his most-famous student, Aristotle, Plato helped to lay the foundations of Western philosophy and science. the greek had a massive influence on life today. they were the first to develop democracy
المناقشة 11:
Language affects thought and culture. Discuss this statement
-Language is more than just a means of communication. It influences our culture and even our thought processes. During the first four decades of the 20th century, language was viewed by American linguists and anthropologists as being more important than it actually is in shaping our perception of reality. This was mostly due to Edward Sapir and his student Benjamin Whorf who said that language predetermines what we see in the world around us. In other words, language acts like a polarizing lens on a camera in filtering reality--we see the real world only in the categories of our language . and many different aspects of language could in principle influence many different aspects of thought.
المناقشة 12:
In 1066 William the Conqueror, the Duke of Normandy (part of modern France), invaded and conquered England. What is the main consequence of this invasion?-
the greek had a massive influence on life today. they were the first to develop democracy.The Norman Conquest changed the face of England forever. William ruled as unquestioned conqueror and the Saxons became merely an unpaid workforce for their new lords. The Norman Conquest also changed the history of Europe – adding the wealth of England to the military might of Normandy made the joint-kingdom a European super power . In warfare it was the start of the age of the knight on horseback.
المناقشة 13:
What are the major varieties of English-
The two main groups are Britain and America. For each there are standard forms of English which are used as yardsticks for comparing other varieties of the respective areas.
1-In Britain the standard is called Received Pronunciation. The term stems from Daniel Jones at the beginning of the present century and refers to the pronunciation of English which is accepted - that is, received - in English society. BBC English, Oxford English, Queen’s English (formerly King’s English) are alternative terms which are not favoured by linguists as they are imprecise or simply incorrect.
2-In America there is a standard which is referred to by any of a number of titles, General American and Network American English being the two most common. There is a geographical area where this English is spoken and it is defined negatively as the rest of the United States outside of New England (the north east) and the South. General American is spoken by the majority of Americans, including many in the North-East and South and thus contrasts strongly with Received Pronunciation which is a prestige sociolect spoken by only a few percent of all the British. The southern United States occupy a unique position as the English characteristic of this area is found typically among the African American sections of the community. These are the descendents of the slaves originally imported into the Caribbean area, chiefly by the English from the 16th century onwards. Their English is quite different from that of the rest of the United States and has far more in common with that of the various Anglophone Caribbean islands.
ترجمة السؤال13\
ما هي أصناف الرئيسية في اللغة الإنجليزية؟ترجمة قوقل ^!^-
المجموعات الرئيسية هما بريطانيا وأمريكا. لكل هناك أشكال مستوى اللغة الإنجليزية التي تستخدم كمقاييس لمقارنة أصناف أخرى من المجالات ذات الصلة .
1- في بريطانيا يسمى معيار النطق وردت. ينبع هذا المصطلح من دانيال جونز في بداية القرن الحالي ، ويشير إلى نطق الإنجليزية التي قبلت - وهذا هو، تلقى - في المجتمع الإنجليزي . بي بي سي الإنجليزية، أوكسفورد الإنكليزية ، اللغة الإنجليزية الملكة (سابقا الملك انجليزي) مصطلحات بديلة هي التي لا يفضلها اللغويين لأنها غير دقيقة أو غير صحيحة ببساطة .
2- في أمريكا هناك المعيار الذي يشار إليه من قبل أي عدد من الألقاب، الأمريكية العامة و شبكة أمريكا الانكليزي وهما الأكثر شيوعا. هناك منطقة الجغرافية التي يتحدث الإنجليزية و هذا يتم تعريفه سلبا مثل بقية الولايات المتحدة خارج نيو انغلاند ( شمال شرق ) والجنوب. يتحدث الاميركي العام من قبل غالبية من الأميركيين ، بما في ذلك العديد في الشمال الشرقي والجنوب، و بالتالي يتناقض بشدة مع تلقى النطق وهو sociolect الهيبة التي يتحدث بها عدد قليل في المئة فقط من جميع البريطانيين. جنوب الولايات المتحدة تحتل مكانة فريدة باعتبارها سمة اللغة الإنجليزية من هذا المجال و التي توجد عادة بين أقسام الأمريكيين من أصل أفريقي في المجتمع . هذه هي أحفاد العبيد المستوردة أصلا في منطقة البحر الكاريبي ، وعلى رأسها من قبل الإنجليز من القرن 16 وما بعده. لغتهم الإنجليزية هي مختلفة تماما عن بقية الولايات المتحدة ولها أكثر بكثير من القواسم المشتركة مع أن من مختلف جزر البحر الكاريبي الناطقة باللغة الإنجليزية....
========
المناقشة 14:
The main difference between Early Modern English and Late Modern English is vocabulary. Late Modern English has many more words, arising from two principal factors. What are they?-
The main difference between Early Modern English and Late Modern English is vocabulary. Late Modern English has many more words, arising from two principal factors: firstly, the Industrial Revolution and technology created a need for new words; secondly, the British Empire at its height covered one quarter of the earth's surface, and the English language adopted foreign words from many countries.
ترجمه 14\
والفرق الرئيسي بين اللغة الإنجليزية الحديثة المبكرة والمتأخرة اللغة الإنجليزية الحديثة هي المفردات. في وقت متأخر اللغة الإنجليزية الحديثة لديها العديد من الكلمات، الناشئة عن اثنين من العوامل الرئيسية. ما هي؟
-
والفرق الرئيسي بين اللغة الإنجليزية الحديثة المبكرة والمتأخرة اللغة الإنجليزية الحديثة هي المفردات. في وقت متأخر اللغة الإنجليزية الحديثة لديها الكثير من الكلمات، والتي تنشأ من عاملين رئيسيين: أولا، خلق الثورة الصناعية والتكنولوجيا حاجة لكلمات جديدة؛ ثانيا، والإمبراطورية البريطانية في أوجها غطت ربع سطح الأرض، واعتمدت اللغة الإنجليزية الكلمات الأجنبية من العديد من البلدان.

[همس الروح 2015]

لصوتيات والنظام الصوتي






المناقشة الأولى :
All the sounds we make when we speak are the result of muscles contracting. In addition, the air coming from the lungs is also very important in producing speech sounds. What is the relation between the air coming from the lungs and the places of articulations?
All the sounds we make when we speak are the result of muscles contracting. The muscles in the chest that we use for breathing produce the flow of air that is needed for almost all speech sounds , muscles in the larynx produce many different modifications in the flow of air from the chest to the mouth .
After passing through the larynx the air goes through what we call the vocal tract , which ends at the mouth and nostrils . here the air from the lungs escapes into the atmosphere


المناقشة الثانية :
The first point at which the flow of air can be modified, as it passes from the lungs, is the larynx(you can feel the front of this, the Adam’s apple, protruding slightly at the front of your throat),, in which are located the vocal folds (or focal cords). How can the focal folds play role in determining whether the sound is voiceless or voiced?
The vocal folds may lie open, in which case the airstream passes through them unimpeded. Sounds which are made when the focal folds are open are called voiceless sounds. Thus, /s/ is a voiceless sound..
The focal folds may be brought together so that they are closed, and no air may flow through them from the lungs. When the air comes from the lungs the buildup of air pressure underneath this closure is sufficient to force that closure open. But the air pressure then drops and the muscular pressure causes the folds to close again. The sequence is then repeated very rapidly and the results in what is called vocal folds vibration this vibration is felt when you put your fingers to your larynx and produce a sound like /z/. Sounds which are produced with this vocal folds vibration are said to be voiced sounds whereas sounds produced without such vibration are said to be voiceless.

المناقشة الثالثة :
What is the difference between places of articulations and manner of articulations ?
Place of Articulation: We will refer to the points at which the flow of air can be modified as places of articulation. We have just identified the vocal folds as a place of articulation; since the space between the vocal cords is referred to as the glottis, we will refer to sounds produced at this place of articulation as glottal sounds.
Places of articulation-:
Glottal, Bilabial , Labio-dental , Dental , Alveolar, Palate-alveolar , Palatal, Velar .
Manner of Articulation: For any given sound we will say whether it is voiced or voiceless, and what its place of articulation is. But to distinguish between the full ranges of speech sounds, we will require a third descriptive parameter: manner of articulation. To identify the manner in which a sound is articulated, we will identify three different degrees of constriction (complete closure, close approximation, and open approximation), and thus three different categories of consonant: stops, fricative and approximations.

المناقشة الرابعة :
What are the affricates ?
That friction occurs during the release phase of the closure . Sounds produced with a constriction of complete closure followed by a release phase in which friction occurs are called affricates. These are: / ʤ/ /tʃ/
The affricate in chip , transcribed as /tʃ/ is a voiceless palate - alveolar affricate
The first sound in joy, transcribed as / ʤ/ is voiced palate - alveolar affricate

المناقشة الخامسة :
What is the difference between aspirated and unaspirated sounds ?
The first stop in pit, we said, is a voiceless bilabial stop. So too is the first stop in spit. But the bilabial stop in pit differs phonetically from the bilabial stop in spit: if you hold the palm of your hand up close to your mouth when uttering pit, you will feel a stronger puff of air on releasing the bilabial stop than you will when you utter spit. That stronger puff of air phenomenon is called aspiration: we say that the bilabial stop in pit is an aspirated voiceless stop, whereas the stop in spit is unaspirated

المناقشة السادسة :
The vowel space is represented along two dimensions. What are they?
The first is the high/ low dimension (also referred to as the close/open dimension)
Another feature of vowels is ROUNDING: in English, front vowels are unrounded, i.e the lips are spread (FLEECE , DRESS , TRAP etc.) while back vowels tend to have rounded lips (GOOSE , THOUGHT etc.) In other languages, front vowels can be rounded and back vowels unrounded.

المناقشة السابعة :
Wells uses three key words for the [ɔ:].what are they ?
Wells uses three key words for the [ɔ:]. These are : thought , force and north.

المناقشة الثامنة :
In the word seeing, the vowel [i:] is followed by the vowel [I], but the resulting sequence is not a diphthong, because the [i:] and the [I] are not in the same syllable. What do we mean by this ?
[i:] The close front unrounded vowel, or high front unrounded vowel and is not normally pronounced as a pure vowel (it is a slight diphthong).[I] The near-close near-front unrounded vowel, or near-high near-front unrounded vowel.

المناقشة التاسعة :
In English, we have different accents. Give examples of the type mentioned in the lectures.
We will begin with two particular accents; the first is Received Pronunciation (RP) :in British society and General American (GA): accents such as the New York City accent& Texas . in peep and pip differ in several respects , one of which is vowel length. In peep it is a long vowel and in pip it is a short vowel.

المناقشة العاشرة :
Comment on the following. “Phonology is to do with something more than properties of human speech sounds per se.”
phonology is the study of certain sorts of mental organization. So, phonology is essentially the description of the systems and patterns of speech sounds in a language. On this view, phonology is not the study of human speech sounds per se. although phonetics and phonology are inextricably intertwined .and it is important to learn the basics of speech and how to respond tactful and courteous manner..

المناقشة الحادية عشر :
The range of places within a word which a given sound may occur in is called its distribution. Explain ?
Sounds that occur in phonetic environments that are identical are said to be in overlapping distribution. The sounds of [ɪn] from pin and bin are in overlapping distribution because they occur in both words. The same is true for three and through. The sounds of [θr] is in overlapping distribution because they occur in both words as well.

المناقشة الثانية عشر :
A syllable can have three segments in the onset. Explain with examples.
A syllable can have three segments in the onest; Onset consonant, obligatory in some languages, optional or even restricted in others.Nucleussonorant, obligatory in most languages Coda consonant, optional in some languages, highly restricted or prohibited in others.

المناقشة الثالثة عشر :
A phoneme can have more than one allophone. Explain with examples.
phonemes are groups of sound - variants : whenever we actually pronounce a sound we use an allophone one of the variants in the group the choice of which variant we use in any context depends on subconscious rule phonemes.
Phonemes = significant ALLOPHONES = non-significant .

المناقشة الرابعة عشر :
Assimilation is an important phonological process. Explain with examples.
[FONT=Simplified Arabic][SIZE=4]assimilation. When two sound segments occur in sequence some aspect of one segment is taken or copied by the other, the process is known as Assimilation. For example, as a result of this process the vowel /ee/ in the word seen, becomes nasalized as a result of its being followed by the nasal sound /n/ We have another process called elision.

[همس الروح 2015]

Essay




المناقشة 1:


Our first lecture consists of the definition of an Essay and the main three parts of it. It also discusses how to develop strong thesis statement. Explain to me how one can write a strong thesis statement. Provide your discussion with strong examples.
The thesis statment is the sentence that tells the main idea of the whole essay it can be compared atopic sentence which gives the main idea of apragraph it usually comes at or the end of the introductory pragraph examples
If you ask average Americans where their language comes from they will probably say England
However , English vocabulary has also been influnced by other countries and groubs of people . Some words are borrowed from other languages sush as typhoon which originally from the chinese words lia fug meaing big wind Skunk the name oF asmall amelly black and
white animal came to English from Native AMERICANS LANGUAGE aFRICAN AMERCINES TOO HAVE BOTH CONTIBUTED NEW WORDS TO ENGLISH AND CHANGED THE MEAINING OF SOME EXISTING WORDS
---------------------------



المناقشة 2:
The 2nd lecture mainly discusses the logical division of ideas in an Essay. It also tackles the thesis statement pitfalls. Give us some examples using the transition signals for logical division of ideas. ALSO, what are the pitfalls of thesis statements? How can we avoid them. Logical division is an appropriate pattern for explaining causes, reasons, types, kinds, qualities, methods, advantages, and disadvantages, as these typical college exam questions ask you to do .
: College questions are as the following
For Example :
of inflationcauses Explain the three Economic
Describe the Agriculture/ Landscape designbasic types of soils and additives needed to prepare each type for planting .
of the U.S. Civil causes Discuss the U.S. HistoryWar .
of main forms he three explain t Business Business organization
of the various classes Describe Health Sciences Drugs used to treat depression..
A thesis is the most important sentence in your essay, so write it with special though and care. Avoid these common problems :
Problem 1: The thesis is too general .
TOO GENERAL
Thesis Statement Second Pitfall .
Problem 2: The thesis makes a simple announcement
Problem 3: The Thesis stats an obvious fact
====================


المناقشة 3:
The number of body paragraphs depends on the number of ... The body paragraphs support ... The function of an introduction in an essay is to introduce the topic and ... Cleanliness is considered a virtue, but just what does it mean ... The first sentence in an introductory paragraph should be a general
The 3rd lecture talks about essay outlining and how to conclude a passage. What’s Essay Outlining? What’s the function of an introduction? What’s the function of a body paragraph? What’s the function of a concluding paragraph? What does topic sentence mean ? What does supporting details mean?
Essay Outlining: Before you begin writing the first draft of your essay, it is best to make an outline. An outline is a general plan of what you are going to write. You can compare making an outline to drawing plans to build a house. Before one begins to build a house, it is best to draw up plans to make sure that a house is built in the way you want. The same is true with writing an essay and making an outline.
The function of an introduction: The length of the introduction can vary. You do not need to include any more than is necessary to accomplish the function of the introduction. There is no rule on what this will consist of, as different issues may require something a little different. For example, you may need to include a definition of some terms in order to clarify the precise focus of the assignment.
The function of a body paragraph: are used to help your a reader follow the logic of your arguments. When you start a new idea, or a point that contrasts the one you were just discussing, or when you raise either a related or separate point, you should start a new paragraph. As well, a paragraph should not be too long or too short.
The function of a concluding paragraph: To provide an alternate viewpoint to those presented in the body of the essay
and to recap the main points in order to help the reader understand the argument
and to restate the topic sentence word for word
A Topic sentence: is normally the first or second sentence, though it can be located anywhere in the paragraph. It regularly introduces the topic or gives the most useful information in the paragraph. It makes a statement (or asks a question) that the rest of the paragraph explains or supports with examples of what the topic sentence has said.
A supporting detail: is a detail that supports a piece of writing. The middle of the assignment and it is a pieces of information that support the main idea

=====================

المناقشة 4:
For many persons, beginning (or providing an introduction to the body of the talk) ... Or you may conclude by making a short statement recommending the action ... At other times, nothing more than a clear indication that the lecture has begun is sufficient. ... They can be informed about how the ideas have been organized.
------------

=========================


المناقشة 5:
In a series of three or more terms with a single conjunction, use a ... Make the paragraph the unit of composition: one paragraph to each topic . ..... Rules 3, 4, 5, and 6 cover the most important principles in the punctuation of ordinary ..... of works, he will as a rule do better not to take them up singly in chronological order
The 5th lecture talks about one of the most important aspect in writing process, that is, “chronological order”. Use some transition signals for chronological order in one or two paragraph(s).
During [1] the early twentieth century, Australian society experienced a transformation of the domestic ideal. At this time [1] families were subject to an increasing array of government and 'professional' programs and advice aiming to manage and regulate family life. Some of these programs were designed to counter social changes, others were designed to engineer them; ultimately [2] each heralded a growing expert encroachment into the private sphere.
[1] Indicating a specific time
[2] Indicating a conclusion
Intervention and influence took three forms. Firstly [3] , techniques designed to maximise efficiency were introduced into the home and scientific principles were applied to its design. In addition [4], housework and parenting methods were scrutinised and subject to unprecedented standards. Secondly [3], all aspects of reproduction attracted increasing intervention from government and the medical profession. Thirdly [3], state, professional and philanthropic groups began to usurp the parental role within the family through instruction and policy. Consequently [5], the development of 'modern' social ideals brought regulation, intervention and ever-increasing unrealistic standards.
[3] To indicate sequence and logically divide an idea
[4] Indicating extra information
[5] Indicating a result
List of transition signals


=========================


المناقشة 6:
The 6th class talks about cause and effect essay. Discuss the definition of cause and effect essay and then outline the normal structure of cause and effect essay.
Cause and effect depend on each other. You can’t have
one without the other. A plane crashed. That is the
effect. What are the possible causes? Was it a
mechanical or human error? Was it due to the weather?
Was it a terrorist action? Obviously there are many
.possible causes

:Step one
Select a significant topic, for example, a social
.phenomenon or a social trend
Step two
Decide whether you want to examine the cause or effect
.or both
Step three
Examine each cause and effect thoroughly, using sufficient
.evidence to prove your points
----------------------------



المناقشة 7:
The 7th class tackles the issue of organizing the cause and effect organization. There are two ways of organizations; block organization & chain organization. Discuss them and give examples.
Block organization
You discuss all of the
causes in one block (one, two or three paragraphs, depending on the n
umber of causes). Then you discuss all the effects in another block.

Chain organization
You discuss a first cause and then the effect, a second cause and its effect, a third cause and its effect, and so on.
Block organization
You discuss all of the causes in one block (one, two or three paragraphs, depending on the n umber of causes). Then you discuss all the effects in another block.

Chain organization
You discuss a first cause and then the effect, a second cause and its effect, a third cause and its effect, and so on.



====================

المناقشة 8:
A comparison and contrast essay may discuss only similarities, only ... Each subtopic in Part I must also be discussed in Part II. ... Choose a method of development that works well with your organizing ... Use specific and relevant examples for support. ... Use transitional words or phrases to help the reader understand the
The 8th class introduces the topic of comparison and contrast essay and the organization of it. Discuss the definition of comparison and contrast essay and the ways of organizing it? Support your discussion with examples, using comparison signal words or/and contrast signal words.
Comparing things is something we do every day when we have to make decisions. For example, you might think of similarities or differences when we are buying a new MP3 player or choosing a place to study English.
You may need to evaluate two sides of an issue you have studied in a class or two proposals for research or projects at your workplace. In these cases, you will need to write an essay or report to discuss your ideas about the topic. This is a comparison and contrast essay
Comparison/Contrast Essay Organization
Like other types of essays, a comparison and contrast essay must have a clear introduction and conclusion.
The body of the essay can be organized many ways. We will look at two organizational styles.
Point by point organization
Block organization ..
Example r /and
You can go to a restaurant or request food for the home ..
I prefer potatoes and chicken .,.,.,.

==================


المناقشة 9:
The 9th lecture is basically reviewing types of sentences and discussing the use of parallel structures and fixing sentence problems. Give me a short example for each type of sentences. Also, give me a sentence problem and fix it by yourself.
To make your writing more interesting, you should try to vary your sentences in terms of length and structure. You can make some of your sentences long and others short.
Examples:
I love living in the city. I have a wonderful view of the entire city. I have an apartment. I can see the Golden Gate Bridge. I can see many cargo ships pass under the bridge each day. I like the restaurants in San Francisco. I can find wonderful food from just about every country. I don’t like the traffic in the city.
I love living in the city of San Francisco. I have a wonderful view of the entire city from my apartment window. In addition, I can see the Golden Gate Bridge under which many cargo ships pass each day. I also like San Francisco because I can find wonderful restaurants with food from just about every country; however, I don’t like the traffic in the city.
Example: I like to write, read, and studying.
sentence problem:
this semester I'm studying art,music, taking math course.
fix:
this semester I'm studying art,music ,and math
===========================================


المناقشة 10:
The 10th lecture is discussing the rules of the following punctuations; commas, semicolons, colons, quotation marks. Discuss the function of each. Support your discussion with examples.
=
Comma : use comma after dependent clause if it begins the sentence.
Example:When I first moved to the city, I was afraid to drive the steep and narrow streets.
Semicolons: It is a break in thought , but not a complete stop more like an elongated pause.
Example: He ate six hotdogs;he also got a stomach ache.
Colons: use to introduce a quotation longer than one sentence.
Example: If you don't think you can handle it, get out of line now.
Quotation marks: Use with direct sentence.
Example:He said,"I'll go to school tomorrow."

================================================


المناقشة 11:
In the 11th class, we discuss how to paralyze English structures. How can this lesson help you improving your essay writing? Give us one example and explanation

Parallelism means using similar structures to express similar ideas.
Parallel structures make sentences clearer and easier to read.
Editing for parallel structure helps you avoid awkward sentences and keeps you from braking your promise to reader.
Example: we wanted to **************** and to swim
--------------------------------------


المناقشة 12:
In the 12th class, we discuss the uses of comma and we summarizes some parallel structure issues. Write a thesis sentence for the following topic. “Topic: Do you think that violence on television should be banned?” Remember parallel construction when you state the reasons.
Yes, we must prevent violence to the television, to reduce the incidence of crimes by teenagers, and dangerous for the kids to hurt themselves, as well as taking into account the patients' condition, and the owners of weak hearts ..

==================================================


المناقشة 13:
We could parallelize structures using the coordinate conjunction, correlative conjunctions, and comparison. Discuss how we can use the previous tools to make a paralleled structures in our essay writing. Provide your explanations with variant explanations.
Conjunctions join two or more words.

Example: I went to the store to buy eggs, milk, and bread.

Conjunctions can join two prepositional phrases.

Example. I went skiing down the hill and past the trees

Conjunctions can connect two clauses or sentences.
When two sentences are joined, a comma MUST be placed before the conjunction.

Ex. I played cards for awhile, but then I played chess
==================================================


المناقشة 14:
In our 14th Class, we review the major sections and points of Essay course. Which parts of this course do you mostly like, and why? And which parts of this course don’t you mostly like, and why?
structure of argumentation (Major premise, minor premise and conclusion), and thesis statement supporting details model. The course takes the form of analysis of exemplary essays, of detailed outlines and of the methods of collecting and using published resurces to report and argue a certain position..i like it all becouse it very interesting . and all the part and points very important to write the essay.

[همس الروح 2015]

قضايا ثقافية معاصرة

المناقشات

(المناقشة الأولى)
1- تنقسم القيم حسب دراستنا للثقافة إلى ثلاثة أنواع، هي:- قيم فكرية (قيم الحق) : معايير تحكم حركة الإنسان الفكرية.
- قيم الخير: القيم الأخلاقية : الصدق الوفاء البر الحياء.- قيم الجمال: قيم الذوق ورؤية الجماليات.
حاول باستعمال هذا التقسيم أن تذكر خمس قيم في كل نوع في مجتمعك المسلم العربي السعودي.
القيم الفكريه
العدل/ افشاء السلام/ الاحسان للجار /حفظ الامانه / التوكل على الله
القيم الاخلاقيه
الصدق/ النزاهة/ الكرم/ اللين / التواضع
القيم الجماليه
النظافة / الذوق الرفيع / المعشر / جمال المظهر / تقدير الفنون الجميله .

(المناقشة الثانية)
2- تقتضي وسطية الأمة الإسلامية اتصافها بمجموعة صفات؛ اذكرها وناقشها.
1 - توحيد مصادر المعرفة: وذلك بالجمع بين الوحي والعقل ، فالوحي هو مصدر التشريع، والعقل له دور في فهم الوحي،
كما أنه مصدر من مصادر المعرفة البشرية العامة في الحياة، كما أنه يجمع بين علوم الشريعة وعلوم الحياة.
2- التلازم بين الظاهر والباطن: فيجمع بين الاهتمام بأعمال الجوارح وأعمال القلوب، أو ما يعرف بفقه الظاهر وفقه الباطن.
3- الإتباع في الدين، والإبداع في أمور الدنيا.
4- صحة النقل وصراحة العقل: فيجمع بين منهجي مدرسة الرأي ومدرسة الأثر.
5- الجمع بين عمارة الحياة والسمو الروحي: فيتولد عنه الاتزان بين متطلبات الجسد والروح، وتكون الدنيا مزرعة الآخرة، ويجمع بينهما وفق منهج الله .
6- الاجتهاد الصادر من أهله وفي محله: فلا هو يغلقه كلية، ولا يفتح لكل أحد.
7- الثبات في الأهداف والمرونة في الوسائل.
8- التوازن في التعامل مع التراث احتراماً بين التقديس والتبخيس.
9- التكامل في بناء الإنسان عقلا وروحاً وجسداً ووجداناً بصورة متوازنة.
10- قوة المضمون وجمال العرض والأسلوب: فكم من الجواهر الحِسَان ضاعت لسوء عرضها، وكم من الناس غش الآخرين ببضاعته المزجاة ، لأنه أحسن عرضها.
11- الجمع بين التهذيب والتأديب، بين البناء الداخلي والسلطان الخارجي.
12- تحرير المرأة من الوافد المستلب ومن التقليد الموروث: وذلك أن القضية اكتنفها طرفان: طرف يريد للمرأة الانسلاخ من القيم،
وآخر يُكرهها على عادات وتقاليد لا علاقة لها بالشرع، والوسط أن يعيش كل من المرأة والرجل وفق منهج الله.

(المناقشة الثالثة)
3- تكلم عن مظاهر وسطية الإسلام في مجال الاعتقاد.
ففي مجال الاعتقاد نجد الإسلام وسطا بين الخرافيين الذين يصدقون بكل شيء ويؤمنون بغير برهان وبين الماديين الذين ينكرون كل ما وراء الحس،
كما أنه وسط بين الملاحدة الذين لا يؤمنون بإله قط وبين الذين يعددون الآلهة حتى عبدوا الأبقار الأوثان والأحجار.

(المناقشة الرابعة)
4- جاء خطاب الإسلام عاماً للناس جميعاً، يخاطبهم بالتكليف والأمر والنهي بوصفهم الإنساني الواحد الذي لا يعرف التمييز بينهم.
هل تستطيع أن تذكر آية أو حديثاً يدل على ذلك؟
هناك الكثير من الايات والاحاديث التي تعبر عن هذا المطلب منها (وجعلناكم شعوبا وقبائل لتعارفوا ان اكرمكم عند الله اتقاكم)
وكذلك حديث الرسول صلى الله عليه وسلم (لافرق لعربي على اعجمي الا بالتقوى)

(المناقشة الخامسة)
5- أقبل نفر قليل من المستشرقين على كتب التراث الإسلامي بهدف الاطلاع على حضارات الأمم وثقافاتها ولغاتها ودراستها دراسة موضوعية وجادة
رغبة في الوصول إلى الحقيقة العلمية، وقد كانوا أقل من غيرهم خطأً لأنهم فيما يظهر لم يتعمدوا التحريف والدس.
هل يعني هذا الثقة في ما كتبوه؟ أم يعني مراجعته وتصحيح أخطائه؟ أم أنهم مثل غيرهم من المستشرقين يعتبرون مشوهين لصورة الإسلام والحضارة الإسلامية؟
نعم الثقه فيما كتبوه ورغبه منهم في الوصول الى الحقيقه وهذا يعني بهدف اكتشاف القوة والوصول الى الحقيقة العلمية ومعرفة الشرق والاطلاع على حضارته ،
وتعلم علوم الحضاره الاسلاميه.

(المناقشة السادسة)
6- وسائل التنصير المساعدة يُقصد بها التنصير عن طريق مجالي التعليم والعلاج والخدمة الاجتماعية والإعلام.
هل يمكن ذكر بعض الأنشطة أو المؤسسات أو البرامج التي تندرج تحت هذا النوع من التنصير؟
1- منظمات الاغاثه العالميه 2- جمعيات التعليم المنتشره فى افريقيا ودول شرق اسيا 3- منظمه اليونسف 4- جمعيه اطباء بلا حدود
5- وكذلك منظمه حفظ السلام 6- والصليب الاحمر.

(المناقشة السابعة)
7- الاستعمار ما هو إلا سيطرة دول الغرب على دول الشرق، أي العالم الإسلامي بقصد الاستيلاء على خيراته والسيادة على أهله وتوجيه كل ذلك لخدمة مصالحهم.
هل ترى أن هذا الأمر مازال مستمراً؟ أم انتهى؟ وكيف؟
نعم ما زال مستمراً.
بنمو المؤسسات الرأسمالية الاحتكارية في مجالات مختلفة ،استغلال مصادر الموارد الأولية، وبخاصة اللازمة لصناعة الحديد والفحم،وامتلاك رصيد كبير من الذهب.
تحول المصارف المالية إلى مؤسسات احتكارية للرأسمالية وانتشارها في أماكن مختلفة من العالم .
تصدير رؤوس الأموال إلى الخارج، لتسهيل التغلغل السياسي والعسكري والاقتصادي، وتكبيل إرادة الشعوب الضعيفة .
مما أدى إلى :
السيطرة على بلاد معينة والتوسع من خلالها على حساب أراضي بلاد أخرى.
إيجاد أساليب للتعامل مع أبناء المنطقة المستعمرة على أسس غير متكافئة .
ظهورالتنافس بين الدول الاستعمارية بغرض الحصول على اكبر قدر من المستعمرات.
الوصول إلى اتفاقات لتقسيم مناطق النفوذ العالمي ، مثل اتفاقي سايكس بيكو1916،
وسانريمو لم ينتهي لان أول من نادى بالحروب الصليبية على المسلمين ( البابا أوربان الثاني ) لنا الذي تولى كرسي البابوية سنة( 1088م )
ومهد لهذه الحروب وحشد لها الجموع من رجال الدين والساسة والعامة وأججنارها في أصقاع أوروبا .
وقد امتدت ما يقرب من تسعة قرون منذ الحملة الصليبية الأولى على العالم الإسلامي التي قادها بطرس الراهب سنة ( 491هـ ـ 1097م )
وتمكن من السيطرة على الأراضي المقدسة في بلاد الشام إلى الحملة الصليبية الثامنة بقيادة لويس التاسع سنة (652 ـ 1249م)
الذي أُسر في معركة المنصورة سنة ( 1250م) ونبّه إلى عدم جدوى الصِّدام العسكري مع المسلمين في ذلك الحين ونادى بالغزو الفكري لعقيدتهم وأخلاقهم وفكرهم .

توقيع » عازف الكلمه


(المناقشة الثامنة)
8- يعتبر تكريس التبعية للغرب في كل توجهات المسلمين وممارساتهم من الآثار الخطيرة للتغريب. كيف ترى طريقة الخروج من ذلك وتحقيق الاستقلالية الحضارية للمسلمين؟
لكي نتخلص من التبعية لابد من الوعي الكامل والمعرفة الحقيقية للتاريخ والحضارة الأسلامية
ولتحقيق الاستقلالية لابد من ان نضع كل شيء تحت البنية الاسلامية وإعادة تكوينها بما يناسب الحضارة الاسلامية

(المناقشة التاسعة)
9- ينبغي أن تبدأ أهداف أي حوار من الإنسان وتدور حول شؤونه وقضاياه، وتعود إليه، لئلا يفقد الحوار قيمته وأهميته ومضمونه الغني.
ناقش هذه الفكرة مبينا أهداف الحوار التي تراها.
1- معرفة اطروحات الطرف الآخر ووجهات نظره وحججه في القضايا التي هي موضوع الحوار.
وتعريف الطرف الآخر بما يغيب عنه أو يلتبس عليه من المعلومات ووجهات النظر والبراهين في القضايا التي هي موضوع الحوار.
2- العمل على إقناع الطرف الآخر ليتخلص من وجهات نظره ومواقفه كلياً أو جزئياً في القضايا التي هي موضوع الحوار
ليتقبلها ويعمل على تبنيها بعد اقتناعه بها سواء بعد الحوار مباشرة أو تدريجياً على المدى الطويل.
3- العمل على استكشاف ما لدى الطرف الآخر من حقائق وإيجابيات والاعتراف بها وقبولها والاستفادة منها
طالما (أن الحكمة ضالة المؤمن أنى وجدها فهو أولى بها).
4- العمل على استكشاف ما عند المحاور من معلومات غير صحيحة أو دقيقة ومما في وجهات نظره أو مواقفه من ثغرات وأخطاء والعمل على تداركها وإصلاحها.
5-تشييد جسر للتواصل السلمي البناء وسد الطريق أمام المواجهات والمصادمات مما يبدد الجهود.
6- أن الحوار يساعد على التوقد الذهني وهي صفة ملازمة لأجواء التحدي الفكري والحوار المتبادل.والسلام عليكم ورحمة الله.

(المناقشة العاشرة)
10- إن المسلم يجب عليه أن يخاف الله ويتقيَه ، ويتجنب كل ما فيه إضرارٌ بأمن الناس ومعاشهم، وأن يتعاون مع ولي الأمر والقائمين على الأمن في التصدي
لكل من يتبنى أفكاراً ضالةً، أو يمارس سلوكاً يخل بأمن الوطن أو يسيء إلى مبادئه ووحدته،
فإن الأمن نفيس لا يصح التهاون فيه بأي حال من الأحوال . حلِّل هذا النص مبيناً رأيكَ.
إن التطرف والعنف والإرهاب ليس من الإسلام في شيء، وأنها أعمال خطيرة لها آثار فاحشة، وفيها اعتداء على الإنسان وظلم له،
ومن تأمل مصدري الشريعة الإسلامية، كتابَ الله الكريم وسنةَ نبيه صلى الله عليه وسلم فلن يجد فيها شيئاً من معاني التطرف والعنف والإرهاب،
الذي يعني الاعتداء على الآخرين دون وجه حق.
وأكد المجمع الفقهي الإسلامي : "أن من أصناف الإرهاب إرهاب الدولة، ومن أوضح صوره وأشدها بشاعة، الإرهاب الذي يمارسه اليهود في فلسطين،
وما مارسه الصرب في كل من البوسنة والهرسك وكوسوفا"، ورأى المجمع هذا النوع مِن الإرهاب "من أشد أنواعه خطراً على الأمن والسلام في العالم،
وجعل مواجهته من قبيل الدفاع عن النفس والجهاد في سبيل الله .

(المناقشة الحادية عشر)
11- إن القومية والعنصرية وإن كانت ربطت الإنسان في المجتمعات بعشيرته أو قبيلته أو قومه، أو من يلتقي معهم على مصالح معينة
إلا أنها من أشد النزعات التي أثارت الكراهية والبغضاء بين الناس، وأهدرت حقوق الإنسان ، وصادرت كرامته وحريته،
وحرمته من العلاقات الإنسانية الكريمة القائمة على المساواة بين الناس في القيمة الإنسانية، والعدل بينهم، والتعاون بينهم فيما يحقق الخير للجميع ،
ويُمكن من حياة آمنة مطمئنة. ما رأيك في هذا النص وكيف أدت العنصرية والقومية إلى هذه النتائج على الإنسانية والحضارة؟
لقد استعبد الإغريق القدماء والرومان الشعوب التي اعتبروها أدنى منهم.
وظل الصينيّون لمئات من السنين بعد رحلات ماركو بولو إلى الصين في القرن الثالث عشر الميلادي، ينظرون إلى الغربيين على أنهم بيض همج كثيفو الشعر.
وتمكن الأوروبيون في القرن 18 وحتى أوائل القرن 20 الميلاديين من فرض سيطرتهم على أجزاء كبيرة من آسيا وإفريقيا.
وبرّر هؤلاء المستعمرون سيطرتهم على أساس أن السلالات ذات البشرة السوداء والسمراء والصفراء لابد من تمدينهم بوساطة البيض المتفوقين.
وفي كل مكان من الإمبراطورية البريطانية، كان الزعم الزائف بتفوق البيض يتغلغل في مُعظم مجالات الحياة.
كما نظر المستوطنون البيض في أستراليا، إلى السكان الأصليين على أنهم أدنى مرتبة.
وضع كثير من البِيض في الولايات المتحدة، منذ القرن 17 وحتى منتصف القرن 19 الميلاديين،
كثيراً من السّود تحت نير الاسترقاق الذي كان سبباً رئيسيّاً في قيام الحرب الأهلية الأمريكية (1861 - 1865م).
ومع أن تحرير الرق تم خلال ستينيات القرن التاسع عشر الميلادي، فإن العزل الاجتماعي والتمييز العُنصري ظلا مستمرين ضد السود.

(المناقشة الثانية عشر)
12- عدد خصائص اللغة العربية التي تمتاز بها عن غيرها من اللغات؟
1- أصوات اللغة العربية تستغرق كل جهاز النطق عند الإنسان وتخرج من مخارج مختلفة تبدأ بما بين الشفتين في نطق حروف كالباء والميم والفاء،
وتنتهي بجوف الناطق في نطق حروف المد: الألف والواو والياء التي تخرج من الصدر والحلق إلى خارج الفم.
2- اللغة العربية صنعت قانونها بنفسها: فإذا تكلم ذو بيان فإنك تطرب لسماعها، وتفهم بيانها، وترتاح لتبيانها.
3- اللغة العربية لغة مرنة: ويظهر ذلك من طواعية الألفاظ للدلالة على المعاني وطواعية العربية تتمثل أكثر ما تتمثل في ظاهرتي الترادف
والاشتقاق بصفة خاصة، وفي قدرتها على استيعاب المُوَلَّد والمُعَرَّب والدخيل بصفة عامة.
4- قدرة العربية على الوفاء بمتطلبات العصر: ينبغي أن ننظر إلى اللغة العربية على أنها إحدى اللغات العظمى في العالم اليوم فقد استوعبت التراث العربي والإسلامي،
كما استوعبت ما نقل إليها من تراث الأمم والشعوب ذات الحضارات الضاربة في القدم كالفارسية، واليونانية، والرومانية، والمصرية وغيرها.
5- اللغة العربية بين التعبير الأدبي والتعبير العلمي: اللغة العربية لغة مرنة طيعة. فيها الأسلوب الأدبي الإنساني ذو الدلالة الواسعة، وفيها الأسلوب العلمي ذو الدلالة المحدودة الصارمة.
6- اللغة العربية لغة كاملة: إن الكثير من الباحثين اللغويين يرى أنه لا توجد لغة جامدة أو قاصرة أو ((بدائية))؛ وإنما يوجد قوم ((بدائيون)) أو جامدون،
فاللغة أية لغة – فضلاً عن أن تكون العربية - قادرة دائماً على التطور والنمو واستنباط المفردات والتراكيب التي تلاءم الحاجات الجديدة والمخترعات الجديدة لدى أهلها.
فإذا لم يكن لدى أهلها حاجة إلى اختراعات جديدة أو استعمالات جديدة فان اللغة تبقى كما هي، وعلى هذا فعدم نمو اللغة – أية لغة – ليس لقصورٍ في طبيعتها أو ذاتها،
وإنما لقصورِ وجمودِ أهلها.

(المناقشة الثالثة عشر)
13- هل ترى تعارضاً بين ديننا الإسلامي ومعطيات العلم؟ اشرح رأيك بالأمثلة.
لا يوجد تعارض لان الاسلام هو دين العلم فقد كانت أول آيات كتابه الكريم قوله تعالى:
(اقرا باسم ربك الذي خلق * خلق الانسان من علق * اقرا وربك الاكرم * الذي علم بالقلم * علم الانسان مالم يعلم). وهي أمر بالقراءة ،
كما اقسم بالقلم تعظيماً له فقال تعالى: (ن * والقلم ومايسطرون)فهذا يدل على احتفاء الاسلام بالقراءه والكتابه لما لها اهميه بالغه في تقيد العلم والمعرفه ،
كما أن الله رفع درجات العلماء تقديرا لمكانتهم وتعظيما لشانهم قال تعالى: (يرفع الله الذين امنو منكم والذين اوتو العلم درجات)
ولكون العلم نعمه إلهية يخص الله من يشاء من عباده قال تعالى (ومن يؤت الحكمه فقد اوتي خيرا كثيرا) وقول الرسول صلى الله عليه وسلم (العلماء ورثه الانبياء).
ومصدر العلم هو الله سبحانه وتعالى لقوله تعالى: (الرحمن * علم القران * خلق الانسان * علمه البيان ). وقوله تعالى( وعلم الانسان مالم يعلم)
وطريق الانسان الى هذا العلم بحسبه ، فصنف منه يصل اليه عن طريق الوحي قوله تعالى (ومايعلم تاويله الا الله والراسخون في العلم)،
والصنف الاخر يصل اليه عن طريق العقل بالتفكير والملاحظه والتأمل والتجربه والسير في الارض والنظر في خلق الله ،
والعلم الصحيح:ماكان مبينا على مصادر صحيحه او تفكير صحيح او تجارب ثابته بعيدا عن الجهل والظن والكذب
قال تعالى: (فمن اظلم ممن افترى على الله كذبا ليضل الناس بغير علم) ولقوله تعالى (ولاتقف ماليس لك به علم)
وان العلم فريضه واجبه يتقرب بها الى الله وطريق من طرق العباده لقول الرسول صلى الله عليه وسلم:
(من سلك طريقا يلتمس فيه علما سهل الله له طريقا الى الجنه وان الملائكه لتضع اجنحتها لطالب العلم)
وبناء على هذا الحكم اعتنى علماء المسلمين بعلوم الدين بياناً وتوضيحاً واستنباطاً واضحاً في فهمهم على كتاب الله
فانشئو المدارس واقامو حوانيت الوراقين التي كانت اسواقا للعلماء ومناظرهم ولم يكن مقصورا على علوم الدين بل شمل العلوم التي تعتمد على الحس والتجريب.

(المناقشة الرابعة عشر)
14- تكلم عن مظاهر التخلف مع الأمثلة المناسبة.
1- التخلف الاقتصادي
2- التخلف الاجتماعي
3- التخلف الثقافي والفكري
4- التخلف السياسي
5- التخلف العلمي والتقني

[همس الروح 2015]

الحضارة الاسلامية

موضوع النقاش # 1
1 – مفهوم الحضارة.
الحضارة هي الجهد الذي يُقدَّم لخدمة الإنسان في كل نواحي حياته، أو هي التقدم في المدنية والثقافة معًا، فالثقافة هي التقدم في الأفكار النظرية مثل القانون والسياسة والاجتماع والأخلاق وغيرها، وبالتالي يستطيع الإنسان أن يفكر تفكيرًا سليمًا


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موضوع النقاش # 2
2 – العلم وأهميته في الإسلام .
وقد اهتم ديننا الحنيف بالعلم أعظم اهتمام، يقول الله عز وجل في أول ما نزل: ( اقرأ باسم ربك الذي خلق، خلق الإنسان من علق، اقرأ وربك الأكرم الذي علم بالقلم، علم الإنسان ما لم يعلم) ففي هذه الآيات المحكمات أمر للنبي صلى الله عليه وسلم ولكل فرد من أمته أن يقرأ ويتعلم أي علم يكون له ولغيره نفع في دينه ودنياه.

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موضوع النقاش # 3
3 – علاقة الحضارة الإسلامية بالحضارات القديمة.
سبقت الحضارة الاسلامية عدد من الحضارات منها ما كان قريبا فى المكان ومنها ما كان قريبا فى الزمان . وقد اتسمت الحضارة الاسلامية بسعة الافق واستيعاب الحضارات والمختلفة وتطوريها بما يفيد البشرية كافة وليس المسلمون فقط.
ولا شك أن الحضارة الاسلامية قد تأثرت بالحضارات القديمة وكان أهم هذه التأثيرات هو: الفارسي واليوناني والهندي


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موضوع النقاش # 4
4 – ميادين العلوم في الحضارة الإسلامية.
تعددت ميادين العلوم وكذلك تعددت مفاهيمه وتعريفاته وتقسيماته.
فالكثير يقسم ميادين العلوم إلى علوم عقلية وعلوم نقليه. ومنهم من يقسمها إلى علوم اجتماعية وإنسانية وعلوم طبيعية وعلوم فكرية. والعلوم النقلية هي العلوم التي تنقل عن الدين وارتبطت بما نزل به الوحي كعلوم القران والحديث والتفسير والفقه وغيرها.
أما العلوم العقلية التي هي طبيعية للإنسان من حيث إنه ذو فكر فهي غير مختصة بملة بل يوجد النظر فيها لأهل الملل كلهم و يستوون في مداركها و مباحثها‏.‏ و هي موجودة في النوع الإنساني منذ كان عمران الخليقة‏.‏

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موضوع النقاش # 5
5 – دور حركة الترجمة في الحضارة الإسلامية .
نتيجة لهذه الترجمة التي قام بها العرب فلقد برعوا في مختلف العلوم التي أخذوها عن اليونانية وأضافوا إليها إضافات كثيرة وكما صححوا كثيرا من أخطاء علماء اليونان,فهناك الكثير من الإنجازات فى مختلف فنون العلم و المعرفة مثل الفلسفة و الطب والصيدلة و الكيمياء وغيرها.


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موضوع النقاش # 6
6 – انجازات المسلمين في علم الكيمياء.
وبصفة عامَّة فقد كشف علماء المسلمين أهمَّ أُسُس الكيمياء وأسرارها، وكان من أهمِّ اختراعاتهم فيها ماء الفضة (حامض النيتريك)، وزيت الزاج (حامض الكبريتيك)، وماء الذهب (حامض النيترو هيدرو كلوريك)، وحجر جهنم (نترات الفضة)، والسليماني (كلوريد الزئبق)، والراسب الأحمر (أكسيد الزئبق)، وملح البارود (كربونات البوتاسيوم)، وكربونات الصوديوم، والزاج الأخضر (كبريتيد الحديد)، واكتشفوا: الكحول، والبوتاس، وروح النشادر، والزرنيخ، والإثمد، والقلويات التي دخلت إلى اللغات الأوربية باسمها العربي .
وبصفة عامَّة فقد كشف علماء المسلمين أهمَّ أُسُس الكيمياء وأسرارها، وكان من أهمِّ اختراعاتهم فيها ماء الفضة (حامض النيتريك)، وزيت الزاج (حامض الكبريتيك)، وماء الذهب (حامض النيترو هيدرو كلوريك)، وحجر جهنم (نترات الفضة)، والسليماني (كلوريد الزئبق)، والراسب الأحمر (أكسيد الزئبق)، وملح البارود (كربونات البوتاسيوم)، وكربونات الصوديوم، والزاج الأخضر (كبريتيد الحديد)، واكتشفوا: الكحول، والبوتاس، وروح النشادر، والزرنيخ، والإثمد، والقلويات التي دخلت إلى اللغات الأوربية باسمها العربي .
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موضوع المناقشه #7
7-علم الطب وأبرز علمائه المسلمين
هو العلم الذي يعنى بالصحة البدنية و النفسية للإنسان (و الحيوان ويعرف في هذه الحالة بالطب البيطري)
ابرزعــلماء الطب المسلمين
*أبــو بكر الرازى*
*ابن النفيس*
*ابن سينا*
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موضوع النقاش # 8
8 – انجازات الحضارة الإسلامية في علم الفلك.
برعو المسلمين في علم الفلك واضافو اليه اضافات هامه منها ادخال خطوط التماس في الحساب الفلكي ووضع جدول لحركه الكواكب وتوصلو ايضاً الى نظرية دوران الارض وكرويتها
اختراع اله الرصد التلسكوب كما حددو من جميع انحاء الدوله الاسلاميه اتجاه القبله في المساجد
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موضع النقاش # 9
9-إنجازات الحضارة الإسلامية في الرياضيات.
علوم الرياضيات تشمل الحساب والجبر والهندسة وغيرها، ويعد العلامة محمد بن موسى الخوارزمي (ت 232 هـ) صاحب الفضل الأكبر في معرفة خانات الآحاد والعشرات والمئات، وفي معرفة الزوجي من الفردي في الأعداد، وفي معرفة عمليات الكسور العشرية، واستخدامها في تحديد النسبة بين محيط الدائرة، وقطرها مما لم تعرفه أوربا قبله.
ويعد الجبر أفضل فروع الرياضيات عند الخوارزمي، الذي يعد أول من ألف فيه بطريقة علمية، وله كتاب في الجبر يسمى (الجبر والمقابلة)، كما نجح في استخدام الجذور واستخدم الرموز في الرياضيات لأول مرة، مما جعل هذا العلم متطورًا بدرجة عالية؛ فسبق الخوارزمي بذلك ديكارت وغيره من علماء الرياضيات الأوربيين. ويرجع السبق إلى المسلمين في اختراع الرقم صفر، فلم يكن معروفًا قبل ذلك
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موضوع النقاش #10
10_أسباب تدهور حركة الترجمة
كانت حركة الترجمة للكتب الأجنبية من أكبر العوامل التي أثّرت على العقيدة الإسلامية ، فأدخلت على هذه العقيدة موروثات فلسفية ، وإن كانت هذه الحركة في بداياتها ليس لها علاقة بالعقيدة ؛ لكنها ما لبثت أن دخلت في العقائد فأفسدت على بعض المسلمين عقائدهم .
=======================

11- المستشرقين وموقفهم من الحضارة الإسلامية
طعنوا فيها لإضعاف ثقة المسلمين بها وتشويه سمعة رموزها بإشاعة الأخبار المكذوبة أو تحريفها في حق الصحابة والتابعين والعلماء والصلحاء والأمراء الفضلاء مثل الخلفاء الراشدين ومن ملوك المسلمين كهارون الرشيد وغيره والتأليف في الفرق والمذاهب الإسلامية كالخوارج والشيعة والصوفية الوحدوية وإدخال ما ليس من الإسلام فيه تدليسا وتزويرا خصوصا اليهود الذين حاولوا في مناسبات كثيرة أن يوهموا الناس كون الإسلام متفرعا عن اليهودية والتشكيك في نبوة نبينا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم وأن الإسلام لا يصلح لمواكبة التغييرات الحاصلة للمجتمعات الإنسانية في فكرها وهمومها ومشاغلها مع تقدم الزمن.
وكان طعنهم في تاريخنا مرة بإثبات ما لا يثبت مما يشين بهيبة التاريخ الإسلامي ومرة بتفسير ما ثبت بتفسيرات وتحليلات بعيدة عن الإنصاف والدقة والموضوعية بعيدا عن التعصب والعنصرية والأحكام المسبقة النابعة عن خلفيات فاسدة وتصورات مغلوطة عن ما يبحثون فيه.
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12-تطور الفنون التطبيقية الإسلامية
صناعة النسيج:
شهدت صناعة النسيج تطورا كبيرا في عصر السلاجقة من حيث :تقدم أساليب الصناعة والزخرفة،أو من حيث ازدياد مراكز النسيج وانتشارها في سائر الأقاليم التي خضعت لحكم السلاجقة، وكان بعض قطع النسيج السلجوقي يشتمل على حكم وأشعار.
التحف الخشبية:
كانت هذه الصناعة من الفنون البارزة في تاريخ الفنون الإسلامية فبعد أن كانت متأثرة بالفنين البيزنطي والساساني في العصر الأموي، بدأت في العصر العباسي تأخذ طابعا إسلاميا متميزا يشبه فن (الارابسك) نسبة إلى العرب، وهو عبارة عن زخارف نباتيه محصورة في أشكال هندسية. ويعرف الآن بالفن التجريدي. ثم أخذ يظهر في الزخارف الرسوم الآدمية والحيوانية إلى جانب زخارف الآرابسك.
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13- أهم معابر الحضارة الإسلامية إلى الغرب

أ ) القوافل التجارية :
1-كان العرب ينقلون البضائع من أسيا الغربية " الشرق الإسلامى " إلى أوربا طوال العصور الوسطى
ب) الحروب الصليبية
1-لم تكن مجرد لقاء بين قوتين عسكريتين بل لقاء بين حياتين وفكرين (حياة التقدم فى الشرق الإسلامى وحياة التخلف فى الغرب الأوربى) .
ج) الأندلس
1-هى أهم معابر الحضارة الإسلامية إلى أوربا حيث ازدهرت فيها الحضارة فى القرن الرابع الهجرى .
د) صقلية :
1-حرص العرب فى صقلية على إنشاء المدارس والمعاهد العلمية وتقدمت الأداب والفنون والعمارة .
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-14 اهم نماذج العماره الاسلاميه

المسجد الأموي الكبير

الجامع الأمويبدمشق درة الابنية الإسلامية من العصر الأموي، تم تحويله من معبد قديم إلى جامع إسلامي تخطيطه مستطيل ولة قبة مهيبة تسمى (قبة النسر) وثلاثة مأذن، في جانب القبلة توجد عدة أروقة مسقوفة يتوسطها القبة وفي الجانب المقابل لها يو جد رواق ممتد على صف من الاعمدة التاريخية ويوجد بالمسجد صحن مستطيل مكشوف تتوسطة بحرة وبناء سداسي الشكل مزخرف قائم على اعمدة ويحفل الجامع بفنون العمارة الإسلامية.

[همس الروح 2015]

مناقشات مهارات التحدث
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1-
The 1st lecture gives you different steps for (how to begin a conversation, make small talks, introduce someone, apologize, express thanks, and end a conversation). Give me an example for each situation..
the answer is :
how to begin a conversation. = What country are you from?
make small talks . = It hot today,isnt it ?

introduce someone . = Have you met my mother ?

Apologize = Forgive me .
Express thanks How thoughtfull !
End a conversation Good - bye .


2-
The 2nd lecture gives you different steps for (how to ask and give directions, communicate when using public transportation). Make a short conversation between Student A and Student B asking for and giving directions.
----
1: Excuse me,how do you get to a bank ?
2 ; Well, in that case, go straight ahead on this street until the third traffic light. Take a left there, and continue on until you come to a stop sign.
1; Thank you very much for taking the time to explain this to me!
2; Not at all. Enjoy your visit!
================

3-
The 3rd lecture discusses the intonation in questions with or. Explain the intonation in question with or. Support your discussion with examples.
----
There are tow kinds of question with the word or : yes/no question and yes / no either /or question :

1- In yes/no question, the answer is 'yes' or 'No ' the speaker voice goes up tow times.

e.g :

Q: Would you like coffee or tea ?

A : yes please .

2- In either /or question , the answer is one of the two items from the question .The speaker voice goes up on the first item and down on the second item .
e.g :
Q : would you like coffee or tea ?
A: Tea , please .
===============

4- The 4th lecture talks about people who talk about their future goals. Talk about your future plans.


I want end my study ,I do more to learn the English language even to practice writing and conversations,
and I want Open restaurant
Plans to reach this goal:
Study the food art.

5-
The 5th class tackles topics like ordering food in English and stressing can/can’t. Discuss only one of the two topics. Support your discussion with examples
--
C: May we see the menu, please
W :Sure, here it is
W: Can i take your order
C: yes, i'd like a hamburger and a milkshake
W: How about you ?
C:i'd like a ham sandwich
W:would you like anything to drink ?
C:No,thank you . just water

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6—
The 6th class reviews the speaking skills you have learnt so far. Write any short encouragement-using expressions of encouragement- for those students who are afraid from speaking in English.--
Try to practice the language with friends and family in order to overcome the fear, do not worry the subject is very easy, Good Luck.

=
7- The 7th class consists of topics like using modals, present participles and past participles as adjectives. Discuss the rules of one of the modals. And then discuss how the present and the past participle can function as adjectives. Don’t forget the examples.
---

Modal verbs, sometimes called modals, are auxiliary verbs (helping verbs). They express such things as possibility, probability, permission and obligation.
Can, could, might, may, must, should, will, would and shall are modal verbs.
We use a modal verb before a second verb.
Modal verbs are not followed by ‘to’.
Modal verbs can have more than one meaning and usage.
A participle phrase will begin with a present or past participle. If the participle is present, it will dependably end in ing. Likewise, a regular past participle will end in a consistent ed. Irregular past participles, unfortunately, conclude in all kinds of ways [although this list will help].
Since all phrases require two or more words, a participle phrase will often include objects and/or modifiers that complete the thought. Here are some examples:
Crunching caramel corn for the entire movie
Washed with soap and water
Stuck in the back of the closet behind the obsolete computer
Participle phrases always function as adjectives, adding description to the sentence. Read these examples:
The horse trotting up to the fence hopes that you have an apple or carrot.
Trotting up to the fence modifies the noun horse.
The water drained slowly in the pipe clogged with dog hair.
Clogged with dog hair modifies the noun pipe.
Eaten by mosquitoes, we wished that we had made hotel, not campsite, reservations.
Eaten by mosquitoes modifies the pronoun we.
8-
The 8th class reviews the major skills you have taken so far. However, it focuses on understanding reductions in English. Discuss why it is important to learn reductions.
--
- to speak like native speakers
- reduce time spent talking and In a normal or fast speech, you will hear"reduction" of some words. For instance, want to may sound like wanna. learning to understand reductions will help you become a better listener.
9-The 9th class covers many culture notes and vocabularies. Express your opinion toward any of these culture notes and then explain how you can get meaning from context. Support your discussion with examples.
--
In all culture , there are a questions that are common to ask a new acquaintance and other questions that people consider impolite . people in the U.S , usually do not ask :
- How old are you ?
-are you married?
- how much money do you make?
people in the U.S , frequently ask :
- What do you do ?
- what kind of work?
- What are you from ?
Getting Meaning from Context :
Definition -
A definition gives the meaning of words. The writer may use words, phrases, or statements to define something. The writer will use key words, or signal words to identify a definition so you need to look for them. See examples of key words below. -
Someone who explores and studies caves is known as a spelunker.

an unfamiliar word = spelunker
signal words = is known as
definition = someone who explores and studies caves.



10-
The 9th class talks about; how to make an appointment with your boss or manager. Also, it
teaches you how to respond to a negative question – or more specifically, a negative statement with intonation that goes up at the end. In addition, People’s Intonation: happy or unhappy. You can do either one of the following;
- Make a short conversation; in which you set up an appointment.
- Discuss how American people show emotion with intonation. Support your discussion with examples.
--

a: could I make appointment with my manger?
b:Yes, of course how about Friday at 3:00?
a: Oh, I'm sorry, but I can't make it that day, Could we make it different day?
b: Oh, sure, how about Saturday at 10:00 AM?
a: Great. see you then.
When a person likes another person and wants to be friendly, the voice usually goes up:
Oh, hi, How are you?
When a person does not feel very friendly toward another person, the voice does not usually go up"
Oh, hi. How are you?

11-
In our 11th class, we discuss the most common prefixes and suffixes. In your opinion, what is/are the purpose(s) of understanding the use of each one of them? How does this PARTICULAR class improve your speaking skills? Why does it take your English Speaking level forward? is it helpful or not, why?
-
The addition of a suffix often changes a word from one word class to another. In the table above, the verb like becomes the adjective likeable, the noun idol becomes the verb idolize, and the noun child becomes the adjective childish.
For many people, standing up in public and doing a speech is one of their greatest fears. For many language students in particular

-==========

12-
In the 12th class, we explain, in details, the differences between Comparatives and Superlatives as well as their uses. Make a short conversation between A & Z who MUST use comparatives and superlatives. Please, pay attention to the cohesiveness and coherence of your conversations. And then, discuss the importance of using the comparatives and/or superlatives in your short conversation sample.
-

Comparative is the name for the grammar used when comparing two things. The two basic ways to compare are using as .. as or than. Examples of each are shown below:
She's twice as old as her sister.
He's not as stupid as he looks!
I'm almost as good in maths as in science.
This book is not as exciting as the last one.
The cafeteria is not as crowded as usual.
Russian is not quite as difficult as Chinese.
This computer is better than that one.
She's stronger at chess than I am.
It's much colder today than it was yesterday.
Our car is bigger than your car.
This grammar topic is easier than most others.
I find science more difficult than mathematics.
Today's ESL lesson was more interesting than usual.
Note: In each of the example sentences above, the comparative form of the adjective is shown. See the foot of this page for information about the comparison of adverbs.
When comparing with as .. as, the adjective does not change. When comparing with than, however, some changes are necessary, depending on the number of syllables the adjective .

13-
In our 13th lecture, we discuss agreement and disagreement expressions and we practice how to avoid some of the bad speaking habits such as offending others. Also, we talk about three different levels of discussion. Explain to me these three levels of discussion, keeping in mind what we should avoid.-
disagreement expressions and we practice how to avoid some of the bad speaking habits such as offending others. Also, we talk about three different levels of discussion
-
Level 3 (dialogue)
The goal is primarily to try and understand where each person is coming from and what makes them think the way they do.
* avoid criticizing the person who made the comment.
level 2 (Discussion)
The goal is primarily to get to "say your piece"
* avoid expressing disagreement without explaining why or supporting your point.
Level 1(Debate)
The goal is to prove that you're right and the other person is wrong.
* avoid using words like never and always.

14-
In our 14th lecture, we discuss the major sections and speaking skills, we have learned or (learnt) during the semester. Which section do you prefer, and why? And which section don’t you like, and why? REMEMBER THE CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPECTFUL DISCUSSION.-
i liked The sound of it: Understanding Reductions
because it teach us how we speak in professional..
I prefer all section, because I learn speaking skills.

[همس الروح 2015]

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