ملتقى طلاب وطالبات جامعة الملك فيصل,جامعة الدمام - اسئلة اختبارات عااااااااااااااااااجل علم المعاني

ANASF

Semantics and Pragmatics
Instructor:
Dr. Abdulrahman A. Alsayed

Lecture 9-The Problem of Universals
Semantics: Practical Applications-
علم المعاني: تطبيقات عملية



In our previous lectures, we discussed a number of topics
related to semantics.

فٜ اى ذَبضشاد اىغبثق، بّقش بْ عذدا اى اَ٘ضٞع اى زَعيقخ ى عَب ّٜ اىني بَد.


 We will cover topics related to pragmatics in the coming
lectures.

ذّ ع ف٘ غّطٜ اى اَ٘ضٞع اى زَعيقخ ثبىجشاغ بَرل فٜ اى ذَبضشاد اىقبد خٍ

. 
 Before we move to pragmatics, however, we will look at a
number of practical exercises that will help us apply our
knowledge of the theoretical aspects we have been
discussing so far in this course.

عٍٗ رىل قجو أ زّْقو إىٚ اىجشاغ بَرٞل، ع ف٘ يّقٜ ظّشح عيٚ عذد



اىز بَسٝ اىع يَٞخ اىزٜ شأ بّٖ أ رغبعذ بّ عيٚ رطجٞق عٍشفز بْ ىج ا٘ تّ
اى ظْشٝخ اىزٜ بّقش بْ بٕ دزٚ اٟ فٜ زٕا اى قَشس



If you need more practice, you can find more of these
exercises in your reference book Semantics: A Course
Book.

إرا م ذْ ثذبجخ إىٚ اى ضَٝذ اى بََسعخ، ٝ نَ لْ أ رجذ أمثش زٕ اىزذسٝجبد



فٜ عي اىذلاىخ ىنزبثل اىجشاغ بَرٞل : مزبة اى قَشس.

ANASF

1
Sense Relations-
Binary Antonymy-
الثنائي المتضاد



To identify binary antonyms, we can test antonymous pairs by seeing if
the negative of one term is the equivalent to (or entails) the other.

خلاه سؤٝخ إرا

antonymous ىزذذٝذ اى زَضبداد اىث بْئٞخ، ٝ نَ بْْ اخزجبس أص اٗج 

مب فّٜ صٍطيخ اٗدذ بٍ ٝعبده )أ ٝ طْ ٛ٘ عيٚ( ج خٖ أخشٙ.



Thus, “dead” and “alive” are binary antonyms because if

something is not dead then it must be alive.

ٜٕ زٍضبداد ث بْئٞخ لأ إرا ى ٝ ذَ شٜء لا ثذ أ ٝن "

alive" " dead" ، نٕزا 

عيٚ قٞذ اىذٞبح.



Use this test to determine which of the following pairs in the exercise
are binary antonyms.

اعزخذا زٕا الاخزجبس ىزذذٝذ أٛ الأص اٗج اىزبىٞخ فٜ بٍَسعخ اى زَضبداد اىث بْئٞخ.



Exercise 1: Binary Antonymy
Are the following
pair’s binary antonyms?

(1) chalk

– cheese Yes / No
(2) same – different Yes / No
(3) copper – tin Yes / No
(4) dead – alive Yes / No
(5) married – unmarried Yes / No
(6) love – hate Yes / No

Exercise 1: Answers

(1) No, if something is not chalk, it is not necessarily cheese.

لا، إرا مب بْٕك شٜء غٞش اىطجبشٞش، فإ ىٞظ ثبىضش سٗح اىجج .ِ



(2) Yes, if two things are the same, they are not different; and if they are not the
same, they are different.

2( عّ ،ٌ إرا شٞئٞ ٜٕ فّغ بٖ، ف ٜٖ ىٞغذ خٍزيفخ، إٗرا مب ذّ ىٞغذ ٜٕ فّغ بٖ، ف ٜٖ خٍزيفخ. (



(3) No (4) Yes (5) Yes

3( لا) 4( عّ ) 5( عّ (



(6) No, if you don’t love someone, you don’t necessarily hate him.

6( لا، إرا م ذْ لا رذت شخصب بٍ، م ذْ لا أمش ى ثبىضش سٗح. (



ANASF

2
Converses-
التضاد



We mentioned that if a word describes a relationship
between two things (or people) and another word describes
the same relationship when the two things (or people) are
mentioned in the opposite order, then the two words are
converses of each other.

رمش بّ أ إرا مب ذّ اىني خَ رصف اىعلاقخ ثٞ شٞئٞ )أ أشخبص( مٗي خَ أخشٙ



رصف اىعلاقخ فّغ بٖ ع ذْ رمش أ شٍٝ )أ أشخبص ( ثزشرٞت عنغٜ، ث مي زَٞ ضٍبد ع ثعض بٖ اىجعض.



For example, “parent” and “child” are converses; because X

is the parent of

Y (one order) describes the same
relationship as Y is the child of X (opposite order).

ضٍبداد، رٗىل لأ الأصو "

child" " parent" ، عيٚ عجٞو اى ثَبه 

ثبىزشرٞت

( X اث Y أ شٍ اٗدذ( ٝصف اىعلاقخ فّظ ( Y اٗىذ X

اىعنغٜ

Exercise 2 (A): Converses



Are the following pairs of expressions converses?

هل أزواج التعبيرات التالية مضاد



(1) below

– above Yes / No
(2) grandparent – grandchild Yes / No
(3) love – hate Yes / No
(4) conceal – reveal Yes / No
(5) greater than – less than Yes / No
(6) own – belong to Yes / No

ANASF

3
Exercise 2 (A): Answers

(1) Yes, if X is below Y then Y is above X.
(2) Yes
(3) No
(4) No
(5) Yes
(6) Yes

Exercise 2 (B): Converses



Are the following pairs of expressions converses?

وٕ أص اٗج اىزعجٞشاد اىزبىٞخ ضٍبداد



(1) If John bought a car from Fred, is it the case that Fred sold a car
to John? Yes / No
(2) Are buy and sell converses? Yes / No
(3) Are borrow and lend converses? Yes / No
(4) Are give and take converses? (Careful!) Yes / No
(5) Are come and go converses? Yes / No

Exercise 2 (B): Answers

(1) Yes (2) Yes
(3) Yes, if X borrows something from Y, Y lends that thing to X.
(4) No, if X takes something from Y, Y does not necessarily give that
thing to X (for

example, X might take it without Y’s permission), so give

and take are not exact converses, although they almost meet the
definition.
(5) No, if someone goes to the mountain, the mountain does not come
to him.

ANASF

4
Gradable Antonyms- المتضادات