ملتقى طلاب وطالبات جامعة الملك فيصل,جامعة الدمام - مذاكرة جماعية رحلة خيآالうفي عالممم أدب الأطفاال おあう

تلخيص المحاضره الاولى جزاء الله خيرا من قام بتلخيصها

المسمى الثاني ل

Children's literature هو juvenile literature



includes يشمل stories, books, and poems that are enjoyed by children



Classified يصنف in two different ways:
1 . genre or the intended - 2 . age of the reader



قبل وجود الطباعه ادب الأطفال كان قصص واغاني شفهيه منتشره على نطاق واسع يحكيها
او يغنيها الكبار للصغار

We can trace children's literature back to stories and songs

, part of a wider oral tradition, that adults shared with children before publishing existed



صعب انك تتبع تطور ادب الأطفال القديم ) اللي كان قبل اختراع الطباعه (

The development of early children's literature, before printing was invented,

is difficult to trace.



بعد انتشار الطباعه بشكل كبير :: كثير من قصص الأطفال الكلاسيكيه هي في الأصل مكتوبه
للكبار ومن ثم تم تعديلها للصغار او الجماهير الأصغر بالعمر

after printing became widespread, many classic "children's" tales were

originally created for adults and later adapted for a younger audience.



من عام 0011 كميه كبيره من الأدب اللي يكون فيه رساله اخلاقيه او دينه = يستهدف
الأطفال تحديدا

Since the 1400s, a large quantity of literature, often with a moral or religious message, has been

aimed specifically at children.



في اواخر القرن ال 01 وبداية القرن ال 01 = عرف ب العصر الذهبي لأدب الأطفال ) هذي
النقطه مهممممممممه احسها بتجي (

The late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries became known as the "

Golden Age of Children's Literature"

وبالفتره هذي نشروا كثير من الكتب المعروفه اليوم بعصرنا ) الكلاسيكه (

as this period included the publication of many books acknowledged today as classics.



تعريف نانسي اندرسون لأدب الأطفال

Nancy Anderson defines children's literature as
"all books written for children, excluding works such as

comic books, joke books, cartoon books, and nonfiction works that are not intended to be read from front to back, such as dictionaries, encyclopedias, and other reference materials".

الشخصه هذي من جامعة في جنوب فلوريدا

the College of Education at the

University of South Florida,

الناس هذول

The International Companion Encyclopedia of Children's Literature

نوهوا أن نوع المتلقي للأدب سواء كان طفل او بالغ غير ثابت لكن واضح

notes that "the boundaries of

genre... are not fixed but blurred".

سلسة هاري بوتر مكتوبه للاطفال لكن لها شعبيه عند الكبار
مؤلفها ..

J.K. Rowling

's Harry Potter series was written and marketed for children, but it is also popular among adults.

برغم ان ادب الأطفال مرتبط مع الكتب المصوره // الروايات اللي تنحكي موجوده قبل وجود
الطباعه

the widespread

association of children's literature with picture books, spoken narratives existed before printing,

جذور كثير من قصص الأطفال ترجع ل

Seth Lerer

the root of many children's tales go back to ancient storytellers

Seth Lerer

يصنف ادب الأطفال مثل ما قلنا من خلال النوع او العمر
### النوع

gener

- نقدر نحدد النوع ب

Genres may be

determined by technique, tone, content, or length.

على حسب قول نانسي اندرسون :: ادب الأطفال 6 فئات

According to Anderson, there are six categories of children's literature

1\\ Picture books

, including concept books that teach the alphabet or counting

for example, pattern books, and wordless books.

2\\ Traditional literature

, including folktales حكايات شعبيه , which convey the legends اساطير , customs, superstitions خرافات , and beliefs of people in previous civilizations.

هذا النوع له انواع فرعيه

This genre can be further broken into subgenres:

myths

, fables, legends, and fairy tales

3\\ Fiction

, including fantasy, realistic fiction, and historical fiction

4\\ Non-fiction
5\\ Biography

and autobiography
6\\ Poetry and verse.

### العمر

Age

كتب البزارين تكتب بلغه بسيطه والطباعه تكون كبيره )حجم الخط يعني ( وفيها كثير
رسومات توضيحيه

Books for younger children

tend to be written in simple language, use large print, and have many illustrations.
كتب الوراعين اللي اكبر من البزارين تكتب بلغه اصعب شوي وحجم الطباعه يكون طبيعي و
الرسومات التوضيحه اقل واحيان بدون

Books for older children

use increasingly complex language, normal print, and fewer (if any) illustrations.
الفئات

•

Picture books, appropriate for pre-readers or children ages 0–5.

•

Early reader books, appropriate for children ages 5–7. These books are often designed to help a child build his or her reading skills.

•

Chapter book, appropriate for children ages 7–12.

–

Short chapter books, appropriate for children ages 7–9.

–

Longer chapter books, appropriate for children ages 9–12.

•

Young-adult fiction, appropriate for children ages 12–18.

الرسوم التوضيحيه

illustrations

كان فيه رسوم توضيحه مع قصة هرقل على ورق بردي تابع للبيزنطينيه المصريه

papyrus from Byzantine Egypt, shows illustrations accompanied by the story of Hercules' labors.
- Modern children's books are illustrated in a way that is rarely seen in adult literature, except in graphic novels.
- artwork plays a greater role in books intended for younger readers (especially pre-literate children).

قول ل

Joyce Whalley من المنظمه ...

According to

Joyce Whalley in The International Companion Encyclopedia of Children's Literature

"an illustrated book differs from a book with

illustrations in that a good illustrated book is one where the pictures enhance or add depth to the text"

اول كتاب استخدم تعريف جوسي اللي فوق هو

Orbis Pictus نشرته Moravian عام 0661
للكاتب او المؤلف Comenius

Using this definition, the first illustrated children's book is considered to be

Orbis Pictus which was published in 1658 by the Moravian author Comenius.

تعتبر

Orbis Pictus موسوعه :: تحتوي على صوره في كل صفحه متبوعه بأسم الكائن باللغه
اللاتينيه والألمانيه

Acting as a kind of

encyclopedia, Orbis Pictus had a picture on every page, followed by the name of the object in Latin and German.
It was translated into English in 1659 and was used in homes and schools around Europe and Great Britain for years.
- Early children's books, such as Orbis Pictus, were illustrated by woodcut, and many times the same image was repeated in a number of books regardless of how appropriate the illustration was for the story.

اول استخدام للنقش بالنحاس والستيل

- Newer processes, including

copper and steel engraving were first used in the 1830s.

اول استخدام الطباعه المعدنيه

- One of the first uses of

Chromolithography (a way of making multi-colored prints) in a children's book was demonstrated in Struwwelpeter, published in Germany in 1845.
English illustrator Walter Crane refined its use in children's books in the late 1800s.
Another method of creating illustrations for children's books was etching, used by George Cruikshank in the 1850s.
By the 1860s, top artists in the West were illustrating for children, including Crane, Randolph Caldecott, Kate Greenaway, and John Tenniel.
^^ تتوقعون هالتواريخ بتجي ؟؟ 

اغلب الرسومات والصور اسود وابيض ويلونونها الاطفال

- Most pictures were still black-and-white, and many color pictures were hand colored, often by children.

الدليل الاساسي او المرشد لكتب الأطفال هو

The Essential Guide to Children's Books and Their Creators credits Caldecott with

"The concept of extending the meaning of text beyond literal visualization"

في الهند

Nandalal Bose يعتبر الكتب المصوره تحف فنيه

In India

Nandalal Bose, whose paintings are considered artistic treasures, illustrated books for children from the late 1800s into the 1900s.

بعد الحرب العالميه الثانيه صارت اكثر دقه

After World War II, offset lithography became more refined, and painter-style illustrations, such as Brian Wildsmith's were common by the 1950s.