المادة يبي لها تركيز نوعا ما واببداء بوضع النقاط التي اشعر بانها مهمة من كل محاضرة وفالنا التوفيق

المحاضرة الاولى
the novel is a picture of ..... and manners
a- real life
* Refers to the illusion that the novel is a representation of real life
Verisimilitude

* Verisimilitude results from:
a correspondence and Recognizable settings

*the close imitation of men and manners… the very texture of society as it really exists.”
how said that ?
Hazlitt

*بالاضافة الى رواد الرواية و انواع الرواية ولكل رواية مثال

* طبعا اول رواية اسبانية في اوروبا وهي Don Quixote by Miguel de Cervantes (1547-1616
*
*Epistolary Novels in which the narrative is told in ....... by one or more of the characters
letters
* Epistolary Novels Allows the author to present the feelings and reactions of the characters

*اي سوال يجي عن الرواية الدموية ورعب فهي الرواية Gothic noel

*Contemporary Gothic novelists include Anne Rice and Stephen King

* the most famous gothic novels is Frankenstein by Mary Shelley1797-1851

*

Lecture 2
* Realism is pragmayic and Sometimes comic or satiric

*Naturalism is Scientific and Often pessimistic, sometimes comic
وهذة يبي لنا التركيز عليها في المحاضرة 2 الفرق بين Realism و Naturalism في الريحة رقم 10 او صفحة 16 لمحتوى شوق

*) is considered the father of the historical novel:
Sir Walter Scott


* The novel in Russia embodied those struggles and
in some of the greatest books ever written.

* Russia from 1850-1920 was a period of social, political, and existential struggle

الاخت امواج سالت عن جزية في قصة قلب الظلام
وهي االمحطات الثلاث

وهي موجودة بالمحاضرة العاشرة وحاولت ان اضع هاي لايتت على الكلمة بالانجليزي وما قدرت
وحطيت على الترجمة وهي موجودة في اخر المحاضرة تقريبا

المحاضرة الثالثة
The term novel is now applied to a great variety of writings

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The emergence of the novel was made possible by many factors.
The most important are:
1. The development of the printing pressl.
2. The emergence of a middle class
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When the novel appeared in the 18th century, it was not considered a [COLOR="red"]literary genr

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Defoe did not write his first novel, Robinson Crusoe, until he was 59
Defoe published his first novel, Robinson Crusoe when he was around 60 years old.

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The new economic realities produce a middle class in England

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The economic wealth created in the 18th century a middle class
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The first novels were published as serial stories in newspapers
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المحاضرة الرابعة
* Daniel Defoe Born in 1660 in London
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a recurrence of the plague in 1666
the Great Fire of London in 1666.
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Daniel Defoe became a successful merchant and married into a rich family

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He worked as a merchant, a poet, a journalist, a politician and even as a spy, and wrote around 500 books and pamphlets.

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Moll Flanders and Defoe works straddle the border between journalism and fiction
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, Defoe used the simple, direct
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Defoe paved the way for the central modern theme of alienation and isolation

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Defoe died in London on April 24, 1731, of a fatal “lethargy”—an unclear diagnosis that may refer to a stroke.
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Crusoe sets on a sea voyage in August 1651
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Years later, he joins an expedition to bring slaves from Africa, but he is shipwrecked in a storm about forty miles out to sea on an island (which he calls the Island of Despair) on September 30, 1659.

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His companions all die, save himself, and three animals

-----------------طبعا لازم قرائة القصة ومافيها من احداث واسماء