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توكلي ع الله
:d5:
:d5:

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:(107):

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انجل منووورة عيوني :53:
خلدون في شي مو عاجبك هيك عندي احساس :(269):

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بسم الله على بركة الله نبداً :
المحاضرة الأولى

أصل اللغة the origins of language

We simply don’t know how language originated.
نحن ببساطة لانعرف كيف نشأت اللغة

We suspect that some type of spoken language developed between 100,000 and 50,000 years ago, well before written language (about 5,000 years ago).
نفترض ان بعض أنواع اللغة نشأت بين مئة الف سنة الى خمسين الف سنة مضت اي قبل اللغات المكتوبة بخمس الالاف سنة .
Absence of direct physical evidence to the origin of language.

غياب الادلة المادية المباشرة لأصل اللغة
All attempts to find out about the origin of language are mere speculations.
كل المحاولات لإيجاد أصل اللغة كانت مجرد تكهنات

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النور نورك ياقلبي ..
كانه نفسي احساسي بالنسبه للخلدون:(107):

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The divine source المصدر الإلهي


In most religions, there appears to be a divine source who provides humans with language.

في معظم الديانات يبدو ان المصدر الإلهي هو الذي يزود البشر بلغاتهم


In an attempt to rediscover this original divine language, a few experiments have been carried out, with rather conflicting results.
في محاولة لمعرفة أصل اللغة تم عمل بعض التجارب وادت الى نتائج متضاربة

If human infants were allowed to grow up without hearing any language around them, then they would spontaneously begin using the original God-given language.

أحد التوقعات بهذا الخصوص هو: "لو أن الأطفال الرضع تركوا لينموا دون سماع أي لغة حولهم فإنهم سيستخدمون اللغة الأصلية التي أعطاها الله للبشر

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إن بعض الظن أثم بلاها نظلمو :53:

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:oao:

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Two famous experiments:
1st by an Egyptian pharaoh named Psammetichus → children were said to utter the word “bekos”(that means bread in Phrygian language).
2nd by King James the Fourth of Scotland → children were reported to have spoken Hebrew.
All other cases of children who have been discovered living in isolation, without coming into contact with human speech, tend not to confirm the results of these types of ‘divine-source’ experiments.
Very young children living without access to human language in their early years grow up with no language at all.

هناك تجربتان شهيرتان في هذا المجال (المصدر الإلهي للغة):
في التجربتين قاموا بعزل الأطفال عن الناس حتى لا يسمعوا أي لغة
الأولى: بواسطة الفرعون Psammetichus, في هذه التجربة الأطفال بعد فترة من العزل بدأوا باستخدام كلمة "bekos" والتي كانت تعني "خبز" في اللغة الفريجيةPhrygian. فاستنتج الفرعون أن اللغة الفريجية هي اللغة الإلهية
ملاحظة: فريجياPhrygia هي أمة كانت تعيش في ذلك الوقت في آسيا الصغرى "تركيا حاليا"
الثانية: بواسطة ملك سكوتلاند "جيمس الرابع". في هذه التجربة بدأ الأطفال باستخدام بعض الكلمات العبرية. فاستنتج الملك أن اللغة العبرية هي اللغة ذات المصدر الإلهي.
جميع الحالات الأخرى التي اكتشف فيها أطفال يعيشون في عزلة, ولم يسمعوا لغة البشر, حالتهم لم تؤيد نتائج هاتين التجربتين
الأطفال الصغار(الرضع) اللذين يعيشون بدون سماع لغة البشر ينمون بدون لغة بالمرة.

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تنويه الترجمة منقولة من رضوان ( أمانة علمية ) :58545:

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The natural sound source
مصدر الصوت الطبيعي:

A/ ‘Bow-wow’ Theory
Primitive words could have been imitations of the natural sounds. This type of view has been called the ‘bow-wow’ theory of language origin. it is true that a number of words in any language are onomatopoeic (echoing natural sounds), it is hard to see how most of the soundless as well as abstract things in our world could have been referred to in a language that simply echoed natural sounds.


هناك عدة نظريات في هذا الخصوص.
الأولى: نظرية Bow-wow
هناك بعض الكلمات تحاكي الأصوات الطبيعية, (مثل كلمة "رعد" التي تشبه صوت الرعد, أو كلمة "كحة" التي تشبه صوت الكحة) والكلمات التي تحاكي الأصوات الطبيعية تسمى onomatopoeic (صدى الأصوات الطبيعية), من الصعب تطبيق هذه النظرية على جميع الكلمات في اللغة, لأن هناك الكثير من الكلمات لا علاقة لها بالأصوات, (مثل كلمة "كتاب" أو كلمة "نظر" أو كلمة "بيت")

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B/ Natural Cries of Emotion Theory
الثانية: نظرية الصرخات أو الأصوات العاطفية أو الحسية الطبيعية:
Original sounds of language may have come from natural cries of emotion such as pain, anger and joy. Interjections such as Ah!, Ooh!, Wow! or Yuck!, are usually produced with sudden intakes of breath, which is the opposite of ordinary talk. We normally produce spoken language on exhaled breath.

الأصوات الأصلية في اللغة ربما أتت من أصوات حسية مثل الألم أو الغضب أو الاستمتاع. صيغ التعجب مثل Ah!, Ooh!, Wow! or Yuck!تصدر عادة مع إدخال الهواء (شهيق) وبشكل مفاجئ, عكس الكلام العادي, الذي يصدر بإخراج الهواء.

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مرحباااا هذه اجوبه الاسئله الي كتبها الاخ رضوان الله يجزاه خير
المحاضرة الاولى
طبعا سؤال والجواب تحته
يعني من غير خيارااااات



Acts as a resonator for increased range and clarity of the sounds produced via the larynx

D)
Pharynx

Question 2 of 18
Who knows how language is originated

B)
Nobody knows


Question 3 of 18
All other cases of children who have been discovered living in isolation, without coming into contact with human speech, tend to confirm the results of the two famous 'divine-source' experiments


B)
False
Points: 0 out of 1
Question 4 of 18
The results of the few experiments which have been carried out in an attempt to rediscover the original God-given language were:


A)
Conflicting

Question 5 of 18
Human lips are much more flexible than those of other primates. This helps in making sounds like:


D)
b & p

Question 6 of 18
A number of words in any language are onomatopoeic (echoing natural sounds):


A)
Bow-wow theory


Question 7 of 18
Speaking and object manipulation (making or using tools) are largely confined to:



A)
The left hemisphere of the brain for most humans

Question 8 of 18
"The sounds of a person involved in physical effort could be the source of our language, especially when that physical effort involved several people and had to be coordinated."


B)
Yo-he-ho theory

Question 9 of 18
All attempts to find out about the origin of language are:



A)
Mere speculations

Question 10 of 18
Which part of the body is responsible for combining noises to produce complex message?



A)
Brain

Question 11 of 18
Humans are born with



B)
Special capacity of language

Question 12 of 18
In most religions, there appears to be _______ source who provides humans with language

D)
A divine

Question 13 of 18
Apes cannot make the sound of f or v, because their teeth are:

C)
Slanting outwards

Question 14 of 18
The human tongue, compared to other primates, is:



A)
Smaller, thicker and more muscular

Question 15 of 18
Very young children living without access to human language in their early years grow up with:

D)
No language at all

Question 16 of 18
We suspect that some type of spoken language developed


Note: This question displayed answer options in random order when taking this test.

A)
between 100,000 and 50,000 years ago

Question 17 of 18
In the "Natural cries of emotion" theory, spoken language produced:

D)
With sudden intakes of a breath

Question 18 of 18
The gene that makes humans capable of acquiring language is:
B)
Language gene

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المحاضرة الثانيه

Duality of levels is one of the most economical features of human language because

B)
with a limited set of discrete sounds, we are capable of producing a very large number of sound combinations


Question 2 of 13
Among other creatures, each communicative signal appears to be

D)
a single fixed form that cannot be broken down into separate parts.

Question 3 of 13
Bee communication has

A)
displacement in an extremely limited form

Question 4 of 13
A property of language that allows users to talk about things and events not present in the immediate environment

C)
Displacement

Question 5 of 13
Humans Acquire a language in culture


B)
With other speakers

Question 6 of 13
A property of language that allows users to create new expressions


A)
Productivity

Question 7 of 13
A property of language whereby linguistic forms have two simultaneous levels of sound production and meaning, also called 'double articulation'

Correct answer: C)
Selected answer: No answer given


C)
duality

Question 8 of 13
The process whereby knowledge of a language is passed from one generation to the next

B)
Cultural transmission

Question 9 of 13
What kind of signals animals usually produce?

B)
Communicative signals


Question 10 of 13
A behavior used intentionally to provide information


D)
Communicative signals

Question 11 of 13
There are some words in language with sounds that seem to 'echo' the sounds of objects or activities and hence seem to have a less arbitrary connection


B)
Onomatopoeic words

Question 12 of 13
Results of experiments to teach chimpanzees human language were


B)
poor

Question 13 of 13
Property of language describing the fact that there is no natural connection between a linguistic form and its meaning

A)
Arbitrariness

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Acts as a resonator for increased range and clarity of the sounds produced via the larynx

D)
Pharynx

مافهمت هل السؤال
الباقي واضح الحمد لله

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C/ ‘Yo-he-ho’ Theory
It says that the sounds of a person involved in physical effort could be the source of our language, especially when that physical effort involved several people and had to be coordinated. The appeal of this theory is that it places the development of human language in some social context. It does not, however, answer our question regarding the origins of the sounds produced.


نظرية yo-he-ho
تقول هذه النظرية أن الأصوات التي يصدرها الشخص أثناء قيامه بمجهود بدني ربما كانت هي مصدر لغتنا, خاصة عندما يكون هذا الجهد البدني من عدة أشخاص في نفس الوقت ويفترض بهم ان يتعاونوا في فعله. تحاول هذه النظرية أن تجعل من السياق الاجتماعي مصدرا للغة. ولكنها لا تجيب على أسئلتنا بخصوص مصدر اللغة.

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The pharynx, البلعوم
It is above the vocal cords which increase range and clarity of the sounds produced via the larynx.
البلعوم وهو فوق الاحبال الصوتيه وهي تعمل علي زياده المدي والوضوح لاصوات المنتجه عبر الحنجرة

هذا من ترجمه ام ركاز
وهو تعريف
قولي لي اذا فهمتي او لا ..

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:53: مشكورة حبيبتي وصلت المعلومة

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The physical adaptation source

Instead of looking at types of sounds as the source of human speech, we can look at the types of physical features humans possess, especially those that are distinct from other creatures, which may have been able to support speech production. We can start with the observation that, at some early stage, our ancestors made a very significant transition to an upright posture, with bi-pedal (on two feet) locomotion, and a revised role for the front limbs.
Some effects of this type of change can be seen in physical differences between The skull of a gorilla and that of a Neanderthal /niːˈændərtɑːl/ man from around 60,000 years ago.



المصدر البدني للغة:
بدلا من النظر إلى الأصوات كمصدر للغة, يمكننا النظر إلى الخصائص البدنية لدى الإنسان كمصدر لهذه اللغة, خاصة تلك التي تختلف عن الموجودة لدى بقية الكائنات, والتي ربما كانت سبب القدرة على إنتاج اللغة. (الكلام التالي اللي تحته خط أقرب إلى نظرية دارون "أصل الأنواع" منه الى النظريات الدينية السماوية) يمكننا ملاحظ أنه, في مراحل مبكرة, قام أسلافنا بتحول مهم في الوقوف بشكل مستوٍ, والمشي على قدمين, واستخدام أفضل للأطراف الأمامية. بعض تأثيرات هذا النوع من التغير يمكن ملاحظته في الاختلاف بين جمجمة الغوريلا وجمجمة الإنسان البدائي قبل حوالي 60,000 سنة.

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Teeth, lips, mouth, larynx and pharynx

Human teeth are upright, not slanting outwards like those of apes, and they are roughly even in height. They are also very helpful in making sounds such as f or v.
Human lips are much more flexible than those of other primates. This helps in making sounds like p or b.
The human mouth is relatively small compared to other primates, can be opened and closed rapidly, and contains a smaller, thicker and more muscular tongue which can be used to shape a wide variety of sounds inside the oral cavity.


الأسنان, الشفاه, الحنجرة والبلعوم
أسنان الإنسان مستقيمة (عمودية) وليست مائلة للخارج مثل القرود, وهي تقريبا متساوية في الطول. وهي كذلك مفيدة في نطق بعض الأصوات مثل f و v.
شفاه الإنسان مرنة أكثر من الموجودة لدى الفصائل الأخرى. وذلك يساعد على نطق بعض الأصوات مثل p و b.
فم الإنسان صغير نسبيا بالمقارنة مع الفصائل الأخرى, يمكن فتحه وإغلاقه بشكل متكرر وبسرعة, ويحتوي على لسان أصغر وأسمك وعضلي أكثر والذي يستخدم في تكوين مجموعة كبيرة من الأصوات داخل التجويف الفمي.

The human larynx or ‘voice box’ (containing the vocal cords) differs significantly in position from the larynx of other primates such as monkeys.
The pharynx, which is above the vocal cords, acts as a resonator for increased range and clarity of the sounds produced via the larynx.
There must have been a big advantage in getting this extra vocal power (i.e. a larger range of sound distinctions) to outweigh the potential disadvantage from an increased
risk of choking to death
حنجرة الإنسان "صندوق الصوت" (والتي تحتوي على الأحبال الصوتية) تختلف بشكل ملحوظ عنها في الكائنات الأخرى مثلالقرود.
البلعوم, الذي يقع فوق الأحبال الصوتية يعمل كمنتج للصدى لزيادة المدى والوضوح للأصوات التي تنتجها الحنجرة.
لا بد أن تكون هناك فائدة كبيرة من هذه الميزة في القدرة الصوتية العالية (على سبيل المثال: مدى أوسع من الأصوات المختلفة) لتغطي على سلبية الضعف التشريحي لهذه المنظومة الصوتية بما فيها الحنجرة مما يجعل الإنسان اسهل اختناقا من الكائنات الأخرى.

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المحاضرة الثالثه
Question 1 of 21
The more abstract derived forms are

C)
ideograms

Question 2 of 21
"Many of the early printers were native Dutch speakers and could not make consistently accurate decisions about English pronunciations" this is one of the reasons of:

C)
a frequent mismatch between the forms of written English and the sound of spoken English

Question 3 of 21
large number of the languages in the world today are used

C)
only in the spoken form

Question 4 of 21
A way of writing in which a picture/drawing of an object is used to represent the object. A conventional relationship must exist between the symbol and its interpretation.

A)
Pictogram (pictographic writing)

Question 5 of 21
A unit of sound consisting of a vowel and optional consonants before or after the vowel

B)
Syllable

Question 6 of 21
A way of writing in which each symbol represents a word

B)
Logograms

Question 7 of 21
We find a full use of a syllabic writing system in

D)
Phoenician

Question 8 of 21
Symbols that represent sounds

D)
Phonographic system

Question 9 of 21
clay tokens appear to have been an early attempt at

B)
bookkeeping

Question 10 of 21
Many Chinese written symbols, or characters, are used as representations of

A)
the meaning of words or parts of words

Question 11 of 21
A way of writing in which a pictorial representation of an object is used to indicate the sound of the word of that object


C)
Rebus writing

Question 12 of 21
'nd2spk2u2nite' in an example of

C)
Rebus writing

Question 13 of 21
The ancient script that has a more obvious connection to writing systems in use today than the others is:

C)
inscriptions dated around 3,000 years ago

Question 14 of 21
Cave drawings and clay tokens are best described as ancient precursors of

D)
writing

Question 15 of 21
A way of writing created by pressing a wedge-shaped implement into soft clay tablets

D)
Cuneiform

Question 16 of 21
A way of writing in which each symbol represents a concept/an idea

D)
Ideographic writing

Question 17 of 21
The earliest writing for which we have clear evidence, marked on clay tablets about 5,000 years ago

A)
Cunieform

Question 18 of 21
A way of writing in which one symbol represents on sound segment

C)
Alphabetic writing

Question 19 of 21
The Chinese language has more than 50,000 characters because it is based, to a certain extent, on the use of

A)
logograms


Question 20 of 21
The more 'picture like' forms are the

B)
pictograms

Question 21 of 21
The basic source of most other alphabets to be found in the world:

A)
Semitic

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المحاضرة الرابعه
Question 1 of 42
The vowel in [my] is represented in phonetics as


A)
[ai]

Question 2 of 42
Sounds that are produced without the active use of the tongue and other parts of the mouth

B)
Glottals

Question 3 of 42
According to the place of articulation [g] and [ŋ] as in thing are

D)
Velars

Question 4 of 42
Sounds formed with the upper teeth and the lower lip. The lower lip articulates against the upper teeth

C)
Labiodentals

Question 5 of 42
The study of how speech sounds are produced

C)
Articulatory phonetics

Question 6 of 42
The vowel in eat, key, see is represented in phonetics as


C)
[i]

Question 7 of 42
The study of the physical properties of speech as sound waves

A)
Acoustic phonetics

Question 8 of 42
sounds formed using both upper and lower lips. The lower lip articulates against the upper lip

C)
Bilabials

Question 9 of 42
Vocal cords take _______ basic positions

A)
two

Question 10 of 42
According to the place of articulation [h] as in hat is


C)
Glottal

Question 11 of 42
sounds formed with the front part of the tongue on the alveolar ridge, which is the rough, bony ridge immediately behind and above the upper teeth. The tongue tip and/or blade articulates against the teeth ridge


D)
Alveolars

Question 12 of 42
according to the manner of articulation [l] and [r] are

A)
Liquids

Question 13 of 42
Vocal cords are inside the:

C)
larynx

Question 14 of 42
Sounds produced with the back of the tongue against the velum. The tongue back articulates against the soft palate

C)
Velars

Question 15 of 42
According to the place of articulation [ʃ] as in she and [tʃ] ] as in chat [ʒ] as in vision, are

C)
Palatals

Question 16 of 42
A type of consonant sound, resulting from a blocking or stopping effect on the airstream

C)
Stops

Question 17 of 42
The study of the perception of speech sounds by the ear

D)
Auditory phonetics

Question 18 of 42
Sounds that are produced with the tongue in motion


C)
Glides

Question 19 of 42
A set of symbols, each one representing a distinct sound segment


B)
Phonetic alphabet

Question 20 of 42
According to the manner of articulation [f], [v], [θ], [d], [s], [z], [ʃ], [ʒ] are

D)
Fricatives

Question 21 of 42
Produced with a relatively free flow of air

D)
Vowels

Question 22 of 42
According to the place of articulation [θ] as in think, and [ð] as in that are

D)
Dentals

Question 23 of 42
The study of the characteristics of speech sounds


A)
Phonetics

Question 24 of 42
According to the manner of articulation [m], [n], and [ŋ] are

D)
Nasals

Question 25 of 42
According to the manner of articulation [w] and [j] are

D)
Nasals

Question 26 of 42
When the vocal cords are spread apart, the air from the lungs passes between them unimpeded

C)
Voiceless sounds

Question 27 of 42
Sounds formed with the tongue tip behind the upper front teeth. The tongue tip articulates against the upper teeth


A)
Dentals

Question 28 of 42
The location inside the mouth at which the constriction takes place

B)
The place of articulation of the sound

Question 29 of 42
A combination of a brief stopping of the airstream with an obstructed release which causes some friction


A)
Affricates

Question 30 of 42
According to the place of articulation [f] and [v] are

A)
Labiodentals


Question 31 of 42
The vowel in hit, myth are represented in phonetics as

A)
[ɪ]


Question 32 of 42
The vowel in [pet] is represented in phonetics as

C)
[ε]

Question 33 of 42
Types of vowels where two vowel sounds are connected in a continuous, gliding motion

A)
Diphthongs

Question 34 of 42
Sounds produced with the tongue and the palate. The tongue front articulates against the hard palate


A)
Palatals

Question 35 of 42
Almost blocking the airstream and having the air push through the very narrow opening. As the air is pushed through, a type of friction is produced


D)
Fricatives

Question 36 of 42
The vowel in [great] is represented in phonetics as

D)
[e]

Question 37 of 42
according to the manner of articulation [tʃ] and [dʒ] are


A)
Affricates

Question 38 of 42
According to the place of articulation [p], [b], [m] and [w] are


C)
Bilabials


Question 39 of 42
When the vocal cords are drawn together, the air from the lungs repeatedly pushes them apart as it passes through, creating a vibration effect


A)
Voiced sounds

Question 40 of 42
According to the place of articulation [t], [s], [d], [z], [n], [l] and [r] are

A)
Alveolars

Question 41 of 42
The velum is lowered and the airstream is allowed to flow out through the nose


B)
Nasal

Question 42 of 42
According to manner of articulation, [p], [b], [t], [d], [k], [g] are

B)
Stops

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The human brain

The human brain controls all the complex physical parts used for sound production.
The human brain is lateralized, that is, it has specialized functions in each of the two hemispheres.
Those functions that control motor movements involved in things like speaking and object manipulation (making or using tools) are largely confined to the left hemisphere of the brain for most humans.


In terms of language structure, the human may have first developed a naming ability by producing a specific and consistent noise (e.g. pEn) for a specific object. The crucial additional step was to bring another specific noise (e.g. BlEU) into combination with the first to build a complex message (pEn blEU). → Several thousand years of evolution later, humans were able to produce: “This pen is bleu”.



الدماغ البشري
دماغ الإنسان يتحكم في جميع الأجزاء المعقدة التي تنتج الصوت
الدماغ يعتبر "تجانبي" (المصطلح من عندي) أي أنه هناك وظائف محددة لكل من قسمي الدماغ.
تلك الوظائف التي تتحكم بالأجزاء المسؤولة عن إنتاج الصوت والتحكم بالأشياء المحسوسة هي مقتصرة على الفص الأيسر من الدماغ لدى معظم البشر.
من حيث التركيب اللغوي, ربما طور الإنسان أولا قدرة على التسمية بإنتاج صوت محدد ومتسق, مثلا (قلم) لمادة معينة. خطوة الإضافة الضرورية التالية هي في إصدار صوت آخر (مثلا أزرق). بعد آلاف السنوات من التطور أصبح الإنسان قادرا على إصدار الجملة "هذا القلم أزرق"

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The genetic source

The physical changes of human beings can be compared to the physical changes of babies.
This almost automatic set of developments and the complexity of the young child’s language have led some scholars to look for something more powerful than small physical adaptations of the species over time as the source of language.
This seems to indicate that human descendants are born with a special capacity for language.



المصدر الجيني
التغييرات الجسدية التي حدثت للإنسان يمكن مقارنتها بالتغييرات الجسدية التي تحصل للأطفال الصغار.
هذه التغييرات الذاتية تقريبا والمعقدة في لغة الأطفال قادت الباحثين للبحث عن شيء أقوى من تكيف جسمي بسيط عبر الزمن كمصدر للغة.
It is innate, no other creature seems to have it this innateness hypothesis would seem to point to something in human genetics
The investigation of the origins of language then turns into a search for the special ‘language gene’ that only humans possess.

يبدو أن ذلك يشير إلى أن أجداد البشر ولدوا بقدرات خاصة مؤهلة للغة. إنه شيء فطري لدى الإنسان, لا يبدو أن الكائنات الأخرى تمتلكها. فرضية هذه القدرة الفطرية تشير إلى شيء في جينات البشرية.
هذا التحقيق في أصل اللغة تحول إلى بحث عن "جين اللغة" الخاص الذي يمتلكه البشر فقط.

أنتهت المحاضرة الأولى اي سؤال انا حاضرة طبعا صحيح نسخت الترجمة نسخ بس الحمد لله فاهمتا منيح :(204):

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السلام عليكم فكرة مميزة وممتازة وياليت لو نقدر نجمع نماذج لاسألة الطلبة للترم الماضي مع اجاباتها الصحيحة بالاضافة الى اسألة الاخ رضوان مع اجاباتها الصحيحة واسألة الواجب واسألة المناقشة

علشان نكون على اطلاع ووعي بكل شئ

بالاضافة الى اننا نمسكة جزيئئة جزيئة وياليت الاخ رضوان يساهم معانا وكل من لدية خبرة

ونبي بعد يتثبت الموضوع ونخليه كلة مراجعه ونكتفي بوضع ال like للتعبير عن الاعجاب بالموضوع والفكرة

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المحاضرة الخامسة
Question 1 of 23
Two or more consonants in sequence.

B)
Consonant cluster

Question 2 of 23
A physically produced speech sound, representing one version of a phoneme

D)
Phones

Question 3 of 23
In the word "cat" /æt/ or 'at' is

A)
Rime

Question 4 of 23
In the word 'heart' /rt/ is

C)
Coda

Question 5 of 23
The words (man, fan, van, ban, pan) are an example of


A)
Minimal set

Question 6 of 23
constraints (restrictions) on the permissible combination of sounds in a language

A)
Phonotactics

Question 7 of 23
In the word "twelfths" /lfθs/ or 'lfths' is

D)
Consonant cluster

Question 8 of 23
The part of a syllable after the vowel


C)
Coda

Question 9 of 23
In the word "fat" the vowel 'a' or 'æ' is

D)
Nucleus

Question 10 of 23
Avoiding the regular patterns of assimilation and elision used in a language would result in

A)
extremely artificial-sounding talk

Question 11 of 23
When we don't pronounce the [d] in "hand me the pen", this is called

B)
Elision

Question 12 of 23
The smallest meaning-distinguishing sound unit in the abstract representation of the sounds of a language.

C)
Phonemes

Question 13 of 23
The two words 'hat' and 'bat' are both an example of

C)
Minimal pair

Question 14 of 23
The part of the syllable before the vowel.

C)
Onset

Question 15 of 23
The part of the syllable containing the vowel plus any following consonant(s)

A)
Rhyme

Question 16 of 23
In the word "university" 'si' is


D)
Syllable

Question 17 of 23
A unit of sound consisting of a vowel (V) and optional consonant(s) (C) before or after the vowel.

D)
Syllable

Question 18 of 23
In the word "black" /bl/ is


C)
Onset

Question 19 of 23
The vowel in a syllable.

B)
Nucleus

Question 20 of 23
The sound [p] in 'put' is pronounced with a stronger puff of air than the [p] in 'up', and both of them are called:

B)
Allophones

Question 21 of 23
The study of the systems and patterns of speech sounds in languages

A)
Phonology

Question 22 of 23
The process of making one sound almost at the same time as the next sound

B)
Co-articulation

Question 23 of 23
In the word "handbag" we pronounce 'n' as 'm' to be "hambag". this is called

B)
Assimilation

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بالعكس طريقه رائعه وممتازه بس قعدت افكر في طريقة المراجعه .
ومنها الواحد يتسلى ومنه يفهم بسرعه وحده قطعه اونص ووحده
اسئله بالطريقه هذي سهلتوها كثير مع انا عجازين وكسولين (انا)
في هالترم لاكن نشالله نلحق باقي 24 يوم الله يوفقكم وينجحكم
ويزوجكم ويشغلكم :119:

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ع كذا احناا اسفين ع سوء الفهم


:rose:

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يعطيكم العافية فعلا طريقة حلوة ومفيدة , بس ياليت لو تستمرون كما في شرح المحاضرة الاولى تجيبون المحاضرة ثم الأسئلة عليها.:d5::d5::d5:

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يعطيك العافيه ميديا

سبااق ...

انا هنا جمعت كذا شي وبديت الخص من السادسه
لكن وقفت مذاكرة الماده وبكملها ايام الاختبارات ان شاء الله
حبيت اضيف موضوعي لموضوعك اذا ماعندك مانع عشان نكمل بعض :119::106:

بالتوفيق للجميع يارب

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مرحباااا

قعدت ابحث في النت عن ملخصات ولقيت مجموعه تعريفات منزلينها الترم الي فات


Onomatopoeic = word simply echoed natural sounds.
Interjections = Ah!, Ooh!, Wow! or Yuck!, are usually produced with sudden intakes of breath
Human teeth = are upright, not slanting outwards like those of apes.
Human lips = are much more flexible than those of other primates.
The human mouth = is relatively small compared to other primates.
The human larynx or ‘voice box’ (containing the vocal cords) differs significantly in position from the larynx of other primates such as monkeys.
The pharynx, which is above the vocal cords, acts as a resonator for increased range and clarity of the sounds produced via the larynx.
Informative signals is a behavior that provides information, usually unintentionally.
Communicative signals is a behavior used intentionally to provide information.
Displacement is a property of language that allows users to talk about things and events not present in the immediate environment.
Arbitrariness is a property of language describing the fact that there is no natural connection between a linguistic form and its meaning.
Productivity is a property of language that allows users to create new expressions, also called ‘creativity’ or ‘open-endedness’.
Cultural transmissionis the process whereby knowledge of a language is passed from one generation to the next.
Duality is a property of language whereby linguistic forms have two simultaneous levels of sound production and meaning, also called ‘double articulation’.
Pictogram (pictographic writing) is a way of writing in which a picture/drawing of an object is used to represent the object. A conventional relationship must exist between the symbol and its interpretation.
Ideogram (ideographic writing) is a way of writing in which each symbol represents a concept/an idea.
Logograms symbols are used to represent words in a language.
Logogram (logographic writing) is a way of writing in which each symbol represents a word.
Rebus writing is a way of writing in which a pictorial representation of an object is used to indicate the sound of the word for that object.
Syllabic writing (syllabary) is a way of writing in which each symbol represents a syllable (a unit of sound consisting of a vowel and optional consonants before or after the vowel).
Alphabetic writing (alphabet ) is a way of writing in which one symbol represents one sound segment.
Phonetics is the study of the characteristics of speech sounds.
Articulatory phonetics is the study of how speech sounds are produced.
Acoustic phonetics is the study of the physical properties of speech as sound waves.
Auditory phonetics is the study of the perception of speech sounds by the ear, also called “perceptual phonetics”.
Bilabials: are sounds formed using both upper and lower lips. The lower lip articulates against the upper lip. [p] is voiceless, and , [m] and [w] are voiced.
Labiodentals: are sounds formed with the upper teeth and the lower lip. The lower lip articulates against the upper teeth. [f] is voiceless, and [v] is voiced.
Dentals: are sounds formed with the tongue tip behind the upper front teeth (also referred to as interdentals). The tongue tip articulates against the upper teeth. [θ] is voiceless, and [ð] is voiced.
Alveolars: are sounds formed with the front part of the tongue on the alveolar ridge, which is the rough, bony ridge immediately behind and above the upper teeth.
Palatals (Alveopalatals): are sounds produced with the tongue and the palate. The tongue front articulates against the hard palate.
Velars: are sounds produced with the back of the tongue against the velum. The tongue back articulates against the soft palate. [k] is voiceless whereas [g] and [ŋ] are voiced.
Glottals: In fact there is only one sound that is produced without the active use of the tongue and other parts of the mouth. It is the voiceless sound [h].The vocal folds themselves are the place of articulation.
Stops:. the sound, resulting from a blocking or stopping effect on the airstream, is called a stop (or a ‘plosive’).
Fricatives: The manner of articulation used in producing the set of sounds [f], [v], [θ], [d], [s], [z], [ʃ], [ʒ] involves almost blocking the airstream and having the air push through the very narrow opening. As the air is pushed through, a type of friction is produced and the resulting sounds are called fricatives.
Affricates: If you combine a brief stopping of the airstream with an obstructed release which causes some friction, you will be able to produce the sounds [tʃ] and [dʒ]. These are called affricates.
Nasals: Most sounds are produced orally, with the velum raised, preventing airflow from entering the nasal cavity. However, when the velum is lowered and the airstream is allowed to flow out through the nose to produce [m], [n], and [ŋ], the sounds are described as nasals.
Liquids: The initial sounds in led and red are described as liquids. They are both voiced.
Glides: The sounds [w] and [j] are described as glides. They are both voiced
Diphthongs: are types of vowels where two vowel sounds are connected in a continuous, gliding motion. They are often referred to as gliding vowels.
Phonology isthe study of the systems and patterns of speech sounds in languages.
Phoneme isthe smallest meaning-distinguishing sound unit in the abstract representation of the sounds. of a language.
A phone is a physically produced speech sound, representing one version of a phoneme.
An allophone is one of a closely related set of speech sounds or phones.

minimal pair When two words such as “pat” and “bat” are identical in form except for a contrast in one phoneme, occurring in the same position, the two words are described as a minimal pair (fan–van, bet–bat, site–side).
a minimal set When a group of words can be differentiated, each one from the others, by changing one phoneme (always in the same position in the word), then we have a minimal set (big, pig, rig, fig, dig, wig).
Phonotactics are constraints (restrictions) on the permissible combination of sounds in a language.
A syllable is a unit of sound consisting of a vowel (V) and optional consonant(s) (C) before or after the vowel.
Coda is the part of a syllable after the vowel.
Nucleus is the vowel in a syllable.
Onset is the part of the syllable before the vowel.
Rhyme is the part of the syllable containing the vowel plus any following consonant(s), also called “rime”
A consonant cluster is two or more consonants in sequence.
Assimilation is the process whereby a feature of one sound becomes part of another during speech production.
a neologismwords that it is not originally part of our first language.
etymologyThe study of the origin and history of a word is known as its etymology,
coinage, thatis, the invention of totally new terms.
eponyms New words based on the name of a person or a place (e.g. sandwich., jeans, Fahrenheit).
Borrowing is the process of taking words from other languages.
Compounding is the process of combining two (or more) words to form a new word.
Blending is the process of combining the beginning of one word and the end of another word to form a new word (e.g. brunch from breakfast and lunch).
Clipping is the process of reducing a word of more than one syllable to a shorter form.
Back clipping retains the beginning of a word: ad (advertisement),
Fore-clipping retains the final part: chute (parachute),
Middle clipping retains the middle of the word: flu (influenza),
Backformation is the process of reducing a word such as a noun to a shorter version and using it as a new word such as a verb (e.g. burgle -19th century- is a back-formation from burglar
Conversion is the process of changing the function of a word, such as a noun to a verb, as a way of forming new words, also known as “category change” or “functional shift” (e.g. vacation in They’re vacationing in Florida).
An acronym is a short form of a word, name or phrase formed from the first letters of the series of words.
An abbreviation is also a condensed form of a word and an articulated form of the original word.
An acronym is pronounced as a new word signifying some concept.
An abbreviation is pronounced as the original word letter by letter.
Derivation is the process of forming new words by adding affixes.
morphology investigating basic forms in language.the study of forms.
morphemes used to describe the type of investigation that analyzes all those basic ‘elements’ used in a language.
free morphemes,that is, morphemes that can stand by themselves as single words
bound morphemes,which are those forms that cannot normally stand alone and are typically attached to another form, exemplified as re-, -ist, -ed, -s.
lexical morphemesset of ordinary nouns, adjectives and verbs that we think of as the words that carry the ‘content’ of the messages we convey.
functional morphemes. Examples are and, but, when, because, on, near, above, in, the, that, it, them
inflectional morphemes. These are not used to produce new words in the language, but rather to indicate aspects of the grammatical function of a word
Traditional grammar is the de******ion of the structure of phrases and sentences based on established categories used in the analysis of Latin and Greek.
Noun (N): a word such as boy, bicycle or freedom used to describe a person, thing or idea.
Article (Art): a word such as a, an or the used with a noun.
Adjective (Adj): a word such as happy or strange used with a noun to provide more information.
Verb (V): a word such as go, drown or know used to describe an action, event or state.
Adverb (Adv): a word such as slowly or really used with a verb or adjective to provide more information
Preposition (Prep): a word such as in or with used with a noun phrase.
Pronoun (Pro): a word such as it or them used in place of a noun or noun phrase.
Conjunction: a word such as and or because used to make connections between words, phrases and sentences
Interjections are words that show emotion. They are not grammatically related to the rest of the sentence (Wow/Oh/Uh-oh).
Agreement: the grammatical connection between two parts of a sentence.
Pre******ive approach: an approach to grammar that has rules for the proper use of the language
De******ive approach: an approach to grammar that is based on a de******ion of the structures actually used in a language.
Structural analysis: the investigation of the distribution of grammatical forms in a language.
Constituent analysis: a grammatical analysis of how small constituents (or components) go together to form larger constituents in sentences.
Surface structure: the structure of individual sentences after the application of movement rules to deep structure (form).
Deep structure: the underlying structure of sentences as represented by phrase structure rules (meaning).
Structural ambiguity: a situation in which a single phrase or sentence has two (or more) different underlying structures and interpretations.
Recursion: the repeated application of a rule in generating structures.
Phrase structure rules: rules stating that the structure of a phrase of a specific type consists of one or more constituents in a particular order.
Lexical rules: rules stating which words can be used for constituents generated by phrase structure rules.
Conceptual meaning isthe basic components of meaning conveyed by the literal use of words.
[b]Associative meaning is the type of meaning that people might connect with the use of words

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Theme is the semantic role of the noun phrase used to identify the entity involved in or affected by the action of the verb in an event (e.g. The boy kicked the ball)
Instrument is the semantic role of the noun phrase identifying the entity that is used to perform the action of the verb (e.g. The boy cut the rope with a razor
Experiencer is the semantic role of the noun phrase identifying the entity that has the feeling, perception or state described by the verb (e.g. The boy feels sad)
Location is the semantic role of the noun phrase identifying where an entity is (e.g. The boy is sitting in the classroom)
Source is the semantic role of the noun phrase identifying where an entity moves from (e.g. The boy ran from the house)
Goal is the semantic role of the noun phrase identifying where an entity moves to (e.g. The boy walked to the window)
Synonymy is the lexical relation in which two or more words have very closely related meanings
Antonymy is the lexical relation in which words have opposite meanings
Reversives are antonyms in which the meaning of one is the reverse action of the other(e.g. dress/undress
Hyponymy is the lexical relation in which the meaning of one word is included in the meaning of another (e.g. “Daffodil” is a hyponym of “flower”).
The idea of ‘the characteristic instance’ of a category is known as the prototype
The study of the relationship between language and the brain is called neurolinguistics.

The brain stem (connecting the brain to the spinal cord).

The corpus callosum (connecting the two hemispheres).

The two hemispheres (right and left).

Specific aspects of language ability can be accorded specific locations in the brain. This is called the localization view

Slip of the ear is a processing error in which one word or phrase is heard as another, as in hearing ‘great ape’ when the utterance was “gray tape”.
Aphasia is defined as an impairment of language function due to localized brain damage that leads to difficulty in understanding and/or producing linguistic forms.
Broca’s aphasia (also called ‘motor aphasia’)is a language disorder in which speech production is typically reduced, distorted, slow and missing grammatical markers.
Difficulty in finding the correct word, sometimes referred to as anomia
Conduction aphasia is a language disorder associated with damage to the arcuate fasciculus in which repeating words or phrases is difficult

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مشكوووووووووووووووووووووووووورين على التفاعل مع الموضوع ويارب يكون موضوع مفيد ومرجع مهم لكل حدا محتاج
اللي حابب كمل تنزيل المقاطع مع الترجمة يضغط لايك واذا في طريقة اسهل ومختصرة اكتر كمان ياريت تفيدونا
انجل التعاريف رائعة رح اطبعها يسلمولي هل الديات :060:

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الله يسلمك من كل شر
والله يوفقنااااا اجمعين
:Cry111:

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الله يسلمك من كل شر
والله يوفقنااااا اجمعين
:Cry111:

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مراقب بصمت :cool:

استعداد تام للحفلات والولائم

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رضوان رح تكمل ترجمة باقي المحاضرات ؟

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سوال هل الجداول الي في المحاضرة الرابع مهم

واخر المحاضر كلمات او اختصارات نطق الي هل هي مهم

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مش متأكد

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رضوااااااان حااااااااول بليز :Cry111:

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الجدول اللي في المحاضرة الرابعة مهم جداً وهل الشي ذكرو الدكتور في المحاضرة المباشرة الأولى :119:

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ميديا اي جدول تقصدين ممكن توضحين:icon9:

متابعه بصمت:sm1:

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هذا الجدول المقصود

http://www.ckfu.org/vb/attachment.ph...1&d=1334211400

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وش هلجدول:(107):

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ممكن احد يشرح الجدول

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هل الجدول لزوم تحفظونه


يوضح طريقة نطق و اماكن الحروف

يعني يقولكم السؤال

ماهو الحرف الانزلاقي ويحط لكم الاختيارات

او السؤال

ماهو الحرف اللي ينطق بالاحتكاك

او

ماهو مكان الحرف (p ) والاجابة تكون مكانة من الشفتين

يعني من هالقبيل من الاسئلة

مرة يطلب مكان الحرف

ومرة يطلب طريقة نطقة

ومرة يحط المكان وانتم تختارون من ضمن الاختيارات الحرف اللي في هالمكان

ومرة يحط طريقة النطق وانتم تختاريون الحرف اللي ينطق بهالطريقة

فهمتوا

إذا لقيت نماذج راح اوافيكم

ددعواتكم لي لاني مغرزة عند المحاضرة السادسة والى الان ما فتحت باقي الكتب

يارب سترك

رد: مراجعة ~~ مدخل إلى اللغويات ~~ مين معي !؟
 

متابع معاكم الله يعافيكم هالترم غياب بالجمله مافيه الارضوان الله يعافيه

رد: مراجعة ~~ مدخل إلى اللغويات ~~ مين معي !؟
 

رد: مراجعة ~~ مدخل إلى اللغويات ~~ مين معي !؟
 

منوووورة كوين وكل الحاضرين
كوين في ملخصك ناقصة المحاضرة التاسعة صح ؟

رد: مراجعة ~~ مدخل إلى اللغويات ~~ مين معي !؟
 

رد: مراجعة ~~ مدخل إلى اللغويات ~~ مين معي !؟
 

استغربت لما ماشفتا :Looking_anim:

انا الامتحان لازم يستناني شهر لخلص :53:

رد: مراجعة ~~ مدخل إلى اللغويات ~~ مين معي !؟
 

ارجعي للمحاضره المسجله الرابع الدقيقه33 لانها تعتمد على طريقه النطق

ولو تصورينه و تخلينه خلفيه في الجوال راح ينحفظ

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مالومك اختي كوين هالترم خدرنا بس نعديه على خير
Enter the atmosphere

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ارجو التوضيح في هذا السؤال

the initial sound in that is a
initial

المقصود بها الحرف الأول فقط ؟

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دجه حطي المقاطع الصعبة اللي مو فاهمتيها واللي فاهم مارح يقصر معك
لأنو صعب نشرح المنهج كامل :139:

رد: مراجعة ~~ مدخل إلى اللغويات ~~ مين معي !؟
 

لاحول بس

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تكفون يا جماعة الخير

انا الى الان في اللغويات

ابي احد يشرح لي هالمقطع من المحاضرة السابعة


•Morphs and allomorphs

وش معناهم ياليت احد يشرح لي بالتفصيل

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والله اختي سنكرز انا بعد مافهمته ولما شفت نفسي م فاهمته
طنشته ههههه ماعندي وقت افهم كل شي بالمنهج :sm18:

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سنكيرز بليييييييييييييييز اشرح لنا الجدول ماني فاهمته
اصلا لو مو انتم كان ماذاكرته على بالي مو معهم
اشرحي بالتفصيل واذا عندك بعد اسئله عليه بلييز

رد: مراجعة ~~ مدخل إلى اللغويات ~~ مين معي !؟
 

بالنسبة للجدول, تم شرحه هنا

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شكرا

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هذا ملف ورد تجميع من الارشيف وبعض اسئله اختبار العام الماضي


وايضا من مراجعتكم تفضلوا :106:

رد: مراجعة ~~ مدخل إلى اللغويات ~~ مين معي !؟
 

شكرا اخ رضوان شرحك مره واضح
طبعا لازم نحفظها صم عشان مانخربط

رد: مراجعة ~~ مدخل إلى اللغويات ~~ مين معي !؟
 

رد: مراجعة ~~ مدخل إلى اللغويات ~~ مين معي !؟
 

مرحباااااا:106:

لقيت اسئله حقت الاختبار الترم المااااضي
كاتبته احدى الاخوات لان كانت حاسه بالرسوب :mad: في احدى المنتديات
وحبيت افيدكم واتمنى الي يعرف الحل يكتبه


للاخت انين الورد
السلام عليكم ورحمه الله وبركاته

اخباركم ؟؟
بما اني كنت متاكده من حمل ماده مدخل اللغويات كتبت الاسئله
وتبعا راح تلقون اخطاء في بعض الكلمات وهكا من الاستعجال وعشان المراقبين لو شافوني بيخلوني امسح اللي كتبته
كل ماعليكم الحين تاخذون الاسئله وتحلونها لي وتسدحونها موفقين ...

1-The element ceive in the word receive I sa ?
2-The earliest writing for which we have clear evidence is the kind that Geoffrey?
3- ----------------is away of writing in which each symbol epresents aconceept an idea?
4-Asyllable is ounit of sound consisting of?
5-Aphone me is _____________??
6- Is physically produced speech sound repress enting one version of aphone me?
7-All affixes(prefixe sand suffixes)inEnglish are??
8-The elemant "dress"in the word dressed is a______??
9-The word minand me bebng to word class of??
10-The study of how words are comined to form sentences is colled??
11-Our ancestors made avery sign ficant transition to an upright whith bi pedal locomotion Bipedal means?
12-English has about _____inflectional morphemes?
13-Asyllable is??
14-The words____ form aminimal pair ??
15- _____ is the process of combining tow(nomor)words form anew word??
16-____is the process of changing the function of aword.such as nouna verb asa way of forming new word??
17-The tow types of free morphemes are??
18-The initial consonant in pat is??
19-The uspect of the relation shipbet weenlirgu is ticsigns and abjects in the world is described as.??
20-Bee communication has in an extremely limited form??
21-Because of the absence of direct physical evidence??
22-Arbitrariness is property of language??
23-Duality is upropenty of language?
24-I deograms are.??
25-The use of the word Kleenex refer all brands of tissuspaper is agood example??

رد: مراجعة ~~ مدخل إلى اللغويات ~~ مين معي !؟
 

جزاك الله الف خيررررررر وكمان انا جمعت اسئله العام وحطيته في ملف تحصلينه فوق



الخوف انه يغير الاسئله ونروح فيها :Looking_anim:

رد: مراجعة ~~ مدخل إلى اللغويات ~~ مين معي !؟
 

ويااااك ان شاااء الله
شفت الاسئله ماقصرت

ممكن يغير تغير اتوقع بسيط
المهم انه عرفنا طريقت اختباااره

والله يوفقناااا

رد: مراجعة ~~ مدخل إلى اللغويات ~~ مين معي !؟
 

:24_asmilies-com: ياناااااااااااااااااااااااااااس هيلب مي انا وسط كومة من المواد والمعلومات لدرجة اني ماعدت اشوف شئ بليييييييييز ساعدوني هالمادة مو عارفة اذاكرها وماعندي وووووقت ابد ومن كثر المعلومات اهرب من المذاكرة بليز انصحوني وش اسوي انا متابعه معاكم هل يكفي ابي انجح والله:bawling:

ابي ملخص مترجم اعتمد عليه!!


اني اغرق اغرق اغرق

رد: مراجعة ~~ مدخل إلى اللغويات ~~ مين معي !؟
 

رد: مراجعة ~~ مدخل إلى اللغويات ~~ مين معي !؟
 

شوفي هذا الموضوع

http://www.ckfu.org/vb/t313001.html

إن شاء الله يفيدك

رد: مراجعة ~~ مدخل إلى اللغويات ~~ مين معي !؟
 

رد: مراجعة ~~ مدخل إلى اللغويات ~~ مين معي !؟
 

:d5: ششششششششششششششششششششششششششكرا جزيلا آخ رضوان

وفقك ربي دنيا واخره